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For oceanic/remote en route and terminal phases of flight pbn is limited to ? [ Exam pilot ]

Question 200-1 : Operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints ils/mls/gls precision approach and landing operations both linear and angular laterally guided operations operations with angular lateral performance requirements and time constraints

Icao doc 9613.1 1 4 scope of performance based navigation.1 1 4 1 lateral performance.for oceanic/remote en route and terminal phases of flight pbn is limited to operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints due to legacy reasons associated with the previous rnp concept .in the approach phases of flight pbn accommodates both linear and angular laterally guided operations .the guidance to fly the ils/mls/gls procedure is not provided by the rnp system consequently ils/mls/gls precision approach and landing operations are not included in this manual exemple 300 Operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints.Operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints.

What is the difference between the on board navigation specifications rnp 1 and ?

Question 200-2 : A performance monitoring and alerting function is required for rnp 1 only a performance monitoring and alerting function is required for rnav 1 only an alerting function is required for both rnp 1 and rnav 1 a performance monitoring function is only required for rnp 1 a performance monitoring function is required for both rnp 1 and rnav 1 an alerting function is only required for rnp 1

Icao annex 6.chapter 1 .definitions.navigation specification a set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to support performance based navigation operations within a defined airspace .there are two kinds of navigation specifications .. required navigation performance rnp specification .a navigation specification based on area navigation that includes the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting designated by the prefix rnp e g .rnp 4 rnp apch . area navigation rnav specification .a navigation specification based on area navigation that does not include the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting designated by the prefix rnav e g .rnav 5 rnav 1 ..note 1 — the performance based navigation pbn manual doc 9613 volume ii contains detailed guidance on navigation specifications exemple 304 A performance-monitoring and alerting function is required for rnp 1 only.A performance-monitoring and alerting function is required for rnp 1 only.

Which of the following are some of the required navigation functionalities of ?

Question 200-3 : 1 3 4 and 5 2 4 5 and 6 1 2 3 and 5 2 3 4 and 6

Icao doc 9613 pbn manual .1 2 4 navigation functional requirements.1 2 4 1 both rnav and rnp specifications include requirements for certain navigation functionalities at the basic.level these functional requirements may include .a continuous indication of aircraft position relative to track to be displayed to the pilot flying on a navigation display situated in his primary field of view .b display of distance and bearing to the active to waypoint .c display of ground speed or time to the active to waypoint .d navigation data storage function and.e appropriate failure indication of the rnav or rnp system including the sensors .1 2 4 2 more sophisticated navigation specifications include the requirement for navigation databases see.attachment b and the capability to execute database procedures exemple 308 1, 3, 4, and 51, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the following pbn procedures is not classified as a 3d approach ?

Question 200-4 : Lnav minima gls minima lpv minima lnav/vnav minima

Refer to figure .prior to pbn performance based navigation and the excellent accuracy and integrity of gnss systems that we have today there were 2 types of approach those with vertical guidance precision approaches and those without non precision approaches .when pbn approaches initially were certified they were simply lnav lateral navigation and were a non precision 2 dimensional 2d approach .lnav approaches still exist and are widely used however now the technology is now good enough to give vertical guidance also and now exist 2 more categories of approach lnav/vnav lateral and vertical navigation and lpv localiser performance with vertical guidance .these are known as apv approaches approaches with vertical guidance and are 3d approaches that sit in between non precision and precision approaches .lnav/vnav uses a barometric vnav system to give vertical guidance on the approach and is a 3 dimensional 3d approach with lower minimums than lnav only .lpv minimums are even lower as low as 200ft ils cat i due to the narrowing effect of the allowed track like a localiser and the incredibly accurate position data and integrity gained by using sbas augmentation .lnav lnav/vnav and lpv approaches are all the same type rnp apch .they just operate to different minima depending on which system is being used exemple 312 Lnav minima.Lnav minima.

What does the abbreviation ar mean in rnp ar apch ?

Question 200-5 : Authorisation required arrival restriction automatic reversion approach restriction

Rnp specifications.the international civil aviation organization's icao pbn manual identifies seven navigation specifications under the rnp family rnp4 rnp2 rnp1 advanced rnp rnp apch rnp ar apch and rnp 0 3 .rnp 4 is for oceanic and remote continental navigation applications .rnp 2 is for en route oceanic remote and en route continental navigation applications .rnp 1 is for arrival and initial intermediate and missed approach as well as departure navigation applications .advanced rnp is for navigation in all phases of flight .rnp apch and rnp ar authorisation required apch are for navigation applications during the approach phase of flight .rnp 0 3 is for the en route continental the arrival the departure and the approach excluding final approach phases of flight and is specific to helicopter operations.note rnp ar approaches are expected to cover those cases where the procedure design limitations of rnp approaches do not allow to replace visual and circle to land procedures exemple 316 Authorisation requiredAuthorisation required

What is the name of a specific curved flight path in a terminal or approach ?

Question 200-6 : Radius to fix leg fixed radius transition fly by turn offset flight path

Refer to figure .icao doc 9613.5 2 fixed radius paths.5 2 1 fixed radius paths frp the frps take two forms one is the radius to fix rf leg type see figure i a a1 4 .the rf leg is one of the leg types described that should be used when there is a requirement for a specific curved path radius in a terminal or approach procedure .the rf leg is defined by radius arc length and fix .rnp systems supporting this leg type provide the same ability to conform to the track keeping accuracy during the turn as in the straight line segments .note — bank angle limits for different aircraft types and winds aloft are taken into account in procedure design exemple 320 Radius to fix leg.Radius to fix leg.

Which of the following is a requirement for required navigation performance rnp ?

Question 200-7 : On board performance monitoring and alerting satellite based performance monitoring and alerting integrating atc surveillance monitoring and alerting ground based performance monitoring and alerting

Area navigation rnav is a method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of station referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained navigation aids or a combination of these .rnav is enabled through the use of a navigation computer .waypoints are input into the computer either manually but this has limited capabilities or automatically with an integrated database .the flight crew then creates a route as a series of waypoints in accordance with the flight plan .the computer estimates the aircraft position using the fitted navigation sensors and compares the estimation to the defined route .deviation between the estimated position and the defined path creates guidance information .in order to perform rnav aircraft must be equipped with an rnav system .types of rnav.there are 3 types of rnav system .2d rnav provides navigation in the horizontal plane only .3d rnav provides navigation in the horizontal plane and also has a guidance capability in the vertical plane .4d rnav provides navigation in the horizontal plane has a guidance capability in the vertical plane and has a timing function exemple 324 On-board performance monitoring and alerting.On-board performance monitoring and alerting.

Operation in rnav 10 airspace requires as a minimum a certain number of ?

Question 200-8 : Two lrnss comprising an ins an irs fms or a gnss one lrns using input from vor/dme or dme/dme rnav equipment one lrns comprising an ins an irs fms or a gnss two lrnss using input from vor/dme or dme/dme rnav equipment

The operational requirements and procedures are determined by the type of rnp route or airspace and will differ for .. . rnp en route in oceanic or remote areas rnp 10 . . . rnp en route or terminal area within radio navaid coverage rnp 5/4 . . . sid/star based on rnp rnp 1 . . . rnp en route in oceanic or remote areas rnp 10 . . . rnp en route or terminal area within radio navaid coverage rnp 5/4 . . . sid/star based on rnp rnp 1 . ..for rnav 10 according to app a doc029 rnav 10 rnp 10 enroute the aircraft position can be determined by the following navigation sources .operational requirements.9 1 navigation performance .all aircraft must meet a lateral and longitudinal precision equal to or better than + 10 nm for 95% of the flight time in rnp 10 airspace .9 2 navigation equipment .all aircraft performing rnp 10 operations in oceanic and remote airspace must be equipped with two lrns independent and operational made up by one ins one irs/fms or one gnss e g a gps with such an integrity that will prevent the navigation system from providing error inducing information .the caa may approve the use of a single lrns under specific circumstances e g in the north atlantic mnps airspace exemple 328 Two lrnss comprising an ins, an irs fms or a gnss.Two lrnss comprising an ins, an irs fms or a gnss.

A rnp incorporates the navigation specifications 1 rnav 1 . 2 rnav 5 . 3 rnav ?

Question 200-9 : 1 2 4 and 5 1 3 4 and 5 2 3 and 4 1 2 and 3

Navigation specifications rnav and rnp specifications .rnav 10 rnp 10 and rnp 4 for oceanic and remote continental navigation applications .rnav 1 and rnp 1 for arrival and departure phases of flight .rnav 2 for en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight .rnp 2 for en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight .rnav 5 for en route flight phases .rnp apch for approach phase of flight .rnp 0 3 for various phases of flight except for oceanic/remote and final approach primarily for helicopter .advanced a rnp incorporates the navigation specifications rnav5 rnav 2 rnav 1 rnp 2 rnp 1 and rnp apch exemple 332 1, 2, 4 and 51, 2, 4 and 5

Which rnp can be used in all phases of flight except for en route ?

Question 200-10 : Rnp 0 3 rnp ar apch rnp 1 rnp 5

Refer to figure .learning objective state that rnp 0 3 navigation specification is used in all phases of flight except for oceanic/remote and final approach primarily for helicopters ..rnp specifications.the international civil aviation organization's icao pbn manual identifies seven navigation specifications under the rnp family rnp4 rnp2 rnp1 advanced rnp rnp apch rnp ar apch and rnp 0 3 .. rnp 4 is for oceanic and remote continental navigation applications . rnp 2 is for en route oceanic remote and en route continental navigation applications . rnp 1 is for arrival and initial intermediate and missed approach as well as departure navigation applications . advanced rnp is for navigation in all phases of flight . rnp apch and rnp ar authorisation required apch are for navigation applications during the approach phase of flight . rnp 0 3 is for the en route continental the arrival the departure and the approach excluding final approach phases of flight and is specific to helicopter operations .note rnp ar approaches are expected to cover those cases where the procedure design limitations of rnp approaches do not allow to replace visual and circle to land procedures exemple 336 Rnp 0.3Rnp 0.3

An error during pbn operations in the accuracy of determining actual aircraft ?

Question 200-11 : Navigation system error nse path definition error pde flight technical error fte crew coordination error cce

Performance based navigation pbn .the inability to achieve the required lateral navigation accuracy may be due to navigation errors related to aircraft tracking and positioning the three main errors in the context of on board performance monitoring and alerting are path definition error pde flight technical error fte and navigation system error nse .. . path definition error pde occurs when the path defined in the rnav system does not correspond to the desired path i e the path expected to be flown over the ground rnav system is unable to accurately define the desired path path definition error pde is constrained through database integrity and functional requirements on the defined path and is considered negligible . . . flight technical error fte relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track including any display error e g course deviation indicator cdi centring error on board performance monitoring and alerting of flight technical error fte is managed by on board systems i e autopilot or crew procedures i e sops . . . navigation system error nse refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and actual position it is the error in the accuracy in determining actual aircraft coordinates exemple 340 Navigation system error (nse)Navigation system error (nse)

Rnav 2 can be used ?

Question 200-12 : In the en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight in the departure and arrival phases of flight in the en route oceanic and approach phases of flight in all phases of flight

Rnav 10 en route oceanic/remote.rnav 5 en route continental and arrival.rnav 2 en route continental arrival and departure.rnav 1 en route continental arrival approach initial approach intermediate missed approach and departure.rnp 4 en route oceanic/remote.basic rnp arrival approach initial approach intermediate missed approach and departure.rnp apch approach initial approach intermediate final approach and missed approach exemple 344 In the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight.In the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight.

For performance based navigation pbn operations the pbn navigation database ?

Question 200-13 : 28 days one calendar month 56 days 30 days

One of the most important requirements of rnav is that the data being used is up to date indeed every pbn navigation specification requires that the nav db is up to date   . operationally significant changes are revised on a fixed cycle known as the airac aeronautical information regulation and control cycle every 28 days changes are published well in advance so that users of aeronautical data can update their databases the pbn navigation database cycle must be valid for the current airac cycle meaning that if a new airac cycle is published every 28 days the pbn cycle must also be updated every 28 days exemple 348 28 days28 days

What is required to fly an rnp approach to lpv minima ?

Question 200-14 : Sbas and fas data block authorisation lnav and vnav capability be equipped with atleast two lrnss

Rnp apch to lpv minima.technically known as rnp approach procedures down to lpv minima lpvs were introduced within the pbn concept as new approach operations based on sbas a technology providing augmentation to gnss systems like gps .. . rnp approaches that can be conducted down to lpv minima are characterised by a coded final approach segment fas data block exemple 352 Sbas and fas data block.Sbas and fas data block.

During pbn operations the rnav system is unable to accurately specify the ?

Question 200-15 : Path definition error pde positioning estimation error pee flight technical error fte navigation system error nse

Performance based navigation pbn .the inability to achieve the required lateral navigation accuracy may be due to navigation errors related to aircraft tracking and positioning the three main errors in the context of on board performance monitoring and alerting are path definition error pde flight technical error fte and navigation system error nse .. path definition error pde occurs when the path defined in the rnav system does not correspond to the desired path i e the path expected to be flown over the ground rnav system is unable to accurately define the desired path . flight technical error fte relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track including any display error e g course deviation indicator cdi centring error . navigation system error nse refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and actual position it is the error in the accuracy in determining actual aircraft coordinates exemple 356 Path definition error (pde)Path definition error (pde)

Pbn 3d approaches are .1 gnss + vnav . .2 gls . .3 par . .4 rnp 1 . .5 ils . .6 ?

Question 200-16 : 1 and 6 1 2 3 4 and 6 1 5 and 6 1 2 4 5 and 6

3d approaches.three dimensional approaches use both lateral and vertical guidance with the vertical prole provided by the guidance system a decision altitude da minimum procedure is used .there are several types of rnp apch with 3d vertical guidance and they dier in the way in which they source their vertical guidance information .. . rnp apch introduced new types of 3d operations making use of certified baro vnav systems or the sbas geometric positioning rnp apch to lnav/vnav and to lpv respectively . .. . . . gnss + vnav is a pbn 3d approach gnss nav in the horizontal plane and barometric inputs for the vertical plane . sbas with vertical guidance lpv supported by satellite based augmentation systems sbas such as egnos in europe and waas in the us to provide lateral and vertical guidance . . . ...instrument landing systems ils precision approach radar par and ground based gnss augmentation landing systems gls are 3d approaches however these work independently from pbn .rnp1 is a form of rnav navigation specification for arrival initial intermediate and missed approach segments exemple 360 1 and 6.1 and 6.

What is correct for pde path definition error ?

Question 200-17 : Path defined by rnav system does not correspond to the desired path path defined by rnav system corresponds to the desired path the rnav calculated aircraft coordinates corresponds to the actual aircraft coordinates it relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track

Performance based navigation pbn .the inability to achieve the required lateral navigation accuracy may be due to navigation errors related to aircraft tracking and positioning the three main errors in the context of on board performance monitoring and alerting are path definition error pde flight technical error fte and navigation system error nse .. path definition error pde occurs when the path defined in the rnav system does not correspond to the desired path i e the path expected to be flown over the ground rnav system is unable to accurately define the desired path . flight technical error fte relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track including any display error e g course deviation indicator cdi centring error . navigation system error nse refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and actual position it is the error in the accuracy in determining actual aircraft coordinates exemple 364 Path defined by rnav system does not correspond to the desired path.Path defined by rnav system does not correspond to the desired path.

In the nat hla airspace what are the pbn requirements ?

Question 200-18 : Rnav10/rnp 10 or rnp 4 rnav10/rnp 10 rnp 2 rnp 5

Nat hla . .north atlantic operations and airspace manual — chapter 1.1 3 3 the navigation system accuracy requirements for nat mnpsa/hla operation should only be based on the pbn specifications rnp 10 pbn application of rnav 10 or rnp 4 although when granting consequent approval for operations in mnpsa/nat hla states should take account of the rnp 10 time limits for aircraft equipped with dual ins or inertial reference unit iru systems all approvals issued after 04 february 2016 must be designated as nat hla approvals exemple 368 Rnav10/rnp 10 or rnp 4Rnav10/rnp 10 or rnp 4

Rnav 1 and rnp 1 are used ?

Question 200-19 : In the arrival and departure phases of flight in all phases of flight except for oceanic and remote phases in the departure phases of flight in the arrival phases of flight

Navigation specifications rnav and rnp specifications .rnav 10 rnp 10 and rnp 4 for oceanic and remote continental navigation applications .rnav 1 and rnp 1 for arrival and departure phases of flight .rnav 2 for en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight .rnp 2 for en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight .rnav 5 for en route flight phases .rnp apch for approach phase of flight .rnp 0 3 for various phases of flight except for oceanic/remote and final approach primarily for helicopter exemple 372 In the arrival and departure phases of flight.In the arrival and departure phases of flight.

An rnp apch to lnav/vnav minima based on baro vnav can only be conducted when ?

Question 200-20 : The assessment of the vertical position of the aircraft in relation to the glide path angle gpa during the approach is based on barometric data static vents can be blocked due to icing when approaching in imc hence leading to a loss of vertical guidance the difference between true height and published decision height has to be limited to a maximum value the calculated true air speed tas is based on the standard atmosphere and any significant differences will lead to an approach speed which could be too slow or too fast

062 07 05 05 05 los explain why an rnp apch to lnav/vnav minima based on baro vnav may only be conducted when the aerodrome temperature is within a promulgated range if the barometric input is not automatically temperature compensated .lnav/vnav minima based on baro vnav – the approach horizontal guidance is managed based on gnss and the vertical profile is guided by barometric altitude as opposed to using gps sbas altitude .these 3d approaches conducted in the vertical plane based on barometric reference require certification of altimeters with adequate accuracy to enable completion of the approach barometric descents are prone to effects of the atmospheric parameters affecting altimetry .. it is crucial to have the correct qnh altimeter setting to avoid offset altitudes during final approach . temperature effects also influence terrain clearance on final approach segment altimeters are calibrated in accordance with icao isa in case of low temperature the layers move closer together resulting in a lower true altitude than indicated consequently obstacle clearance minima may be jeopardised if temperatures are below a certain limit the majority of rnp approaches will have an oat temperature limit and the approach plate will state ‘uncompensated baro vnav not authorised below x°c’ exemple 376 The assessment of the vertical position of the aircraft, in relation to the glide path angle (gpa) during the approach is based on barometric data.The assessment of the vertical position of the aircraft, in relation to the glide path angle (gpa) during the approach is based on barometric data.

An aircraft is flying rnav 2 and another aircraft is flying rnp 2 what is the ?

Question 200-21 : Rnp 2 is used in the en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight rnav 2 might be used in the en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight rnp 2 is used on arrival and departure phases of flight rnav 2 is used in the en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight rnp 2 is used in the en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight rnav 2 is used in oceanic phases of flights or over remote areas rnp 2 might be used in the en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight rnav 2 is used in the en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight

Navigation specifications rnav and rnp specifications .rnav 10 rnp 10 and rnp 4 for oceanic and remote continental navigation applications .rnav 1 and rnp 1 for arrival and departure phases of flight .rnav 2 for en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight .rnp 2 for en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight .rnav 5 for en route flight phases .rnp apch for approach phase of flight .rnp 0 3 for various phases of flight except for oceanic/remote and final approach primarily for helicopter ..062 07 02 03 07 state that rnav 2 might be used in the en route continental arrival and departure phases of flight .062 07 02 03 06 state that rnp 2 is used in the en route and oceanic/remote phases of flight exemple 380 Rnp 2 is used in the en-route and oceanic/remote phases of flight. rnav 2 might be used in the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight.Rnp 2 is used in the en-route and oceanic/remote phases of flight. rnav 2 might be used in the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight.

Your aircraft is able to conduct rnp apch are you allowed to conduct rnp2 ?

Question 200-22 : Not necessarily first establish the aircraft eligibility if you can perform an rnp apch you can conduct any rnp operation navigation databases are the same for all rnp operations provided that clearance is obtained from atc

A critical component of rnp is the ability of the aircraft navigation system to monitor its achieved navigation performance and to identify for the pilot whether the operational requirement is or is not being met during an operation .the rnp capability of an aircraft will vary depending upon the aircraft equipment and the navigation infrastructure for example an aircraft may be eligible for rnp 1 but may not be capable of rnp 1 operations due to limited navaid coverage or avionics failure navspecs should be considered different from one another not 'better' or 'worse' based on the described lateral navigation accuracy it is this concept that requires each navspec eligibility to be listed separately in the avionics documents or afm for example rnp 1 is different from rnav 1 and an rnp 1 eligibility does not mean automatic rnp 2 or rnav 1 eligibility as a safeguard the faa requires that aircraft navigation databases hold only those procedures that the aircraft maintains eligibility for if you look for a specific instrument procedure in your aircraft's navigation database and cannot find it it's likely that procedure contains pbn elements your aircraft is ineligible for or cannot compute and fly .note this question has been created based on incomplete feedback please contact us if you have any information on it exemple 384 Not necessarily. first, establish the aircraft eligibility.Not necessarily. first, establish the aircraft eligibility.

In which route segment may rnav 5 be used ?

Question 200-23 : Arrival and en route outside 30 nm and above msa arrival approaches and departure arrivals and departures en route continental navigation as well as arrival and departure routes

Refer to figure .performance based navigation pbn manual.icao doc 9613.table ii a 1 1 application of navigation specification by flight phase.2 rnav 5 is an en route navigation specification which may be used for the initial part of the star outside 30 nm and above msa exemple 388 Arrival and en-route outside 30 nm and above msa.Arrival and en-route outside 30 nm and above msa.

You do a briefing for an approach on an airfield which uses pbn operations ?

Question 200-24 : Rnav 1 rnp 4 rnp ar apch rnav 10

Rnav 1 and rnp 1 used on arrival and departure phases of flight sids and stars are flown with these specifications to ensure accurate navigation in the terminal navigation area in the vicinity of aerodromes a navigation application sid/star is designed using the navigation specification rnav 1/rnp 1 based upon a specific navaid infrastructure e g gnss which may be different in another state exemple 392 Rnav 1Rnav 1

Concerning performance based navigation pbn which terms refers to fixed radius ?

Question 200-25 : Frt leg type tma leg type abc leg type rf leg type

Icao doc 9613.5 specific rnav and rnp system functions.5 1 performance based flight operations are based on the ability to assure reliable repeatable and predictable flight paths for improved capacity and efficiency in planned operations the implementation of performance based flight operations requires not only the functions traditionally provided by the rnav or rnp system but also may require specific functions to improve procedures and airspace and air traffic operations the system capabilities for established fixed radius paths rnav or rnp holding and lateral offsets fall into this latter category .5 2 fixed radius paths.5 2 1 the fixed radius paths frps take two forms one is the radius to fix rf leg type the rf leg is one of the leg types described that should be used when there is a requirement for a specific curved path radius in a terminal or approach procedure the rf leg is defined by radius arc length and fix rnp systems supporting this leg type provide the same ability to conform to the track keeping accuracy during the turn as in the straight line segments .note bank angle limits for different aircraft types and winds aloft are taken into account in procedure design .5 2 2 the other form of the frp is intended to be used with en route procedures due to the technicalities of how the procedure data are defined it falls upon the rnp system to create the fixed radius turn also called a fixed radius transition or frt between two route segments see figure i a a1 5 .5 2 3 these turns have two possible radii 22 5 nm for high altitude routes above fl 195 and 15 nm for low altitude routes using such path elements in an rnav ats route enables improvement in airspace usage through closely spaced parallel routes ..summary.two types of fixed radius paths .. radius to fix legs rf used in terminal or approach procedures defined by radius arc length and fix . fixed radius transition frt used with en route procedures exemple 396 Frt leg type.Frt leg type.

How is the vertical information for an lnav/vnav approach provided ?

Question 200-26 : Sbas or baro vnav radio altimeter or baro vnav gls or baro vnav gls or sbas

Icao pbn tf/6 – wp/06 05/01/2012 revision 1.2 18 lnav/vnav – the minima line based on baro vnav system performances that can be used by aircraft approved according to amc 20 27 or equivalent lnav/vnav minima can also be used by sbas capable aircraft exemple 400 Sbas or baro-vnavSbas or baro-vnav

How can rnav 1 rnav 2 sid or star rnp 1 and rnp 2 routes be modified by pilots ?

Question 200-27 : Manually by inserting or deleting waypoints in response to an atc clearance by inserting or deleting waypoints in the database and/or obtaining a rho theta fix by deleting waypoints and manually entries of latitude and longitude with atc clearance manually by inserting range and bearing to a new waypoint in response to an atc clearance

Icao doc 9613 states rnav 1 rnp 1 rnav 2 rnp 2 routes/procedures may subsequently be modified through the insertion or deletion of specific waypoints in response to atc clearances this document further states 'the manual entry or creation of new waypoints by manual entry of latitude and longitude or rho/theta values is not permitted'chapter 3.3 3 4 5 4 pilots must not fly an rnav 1 or rnav 2 sid or star unless it is retrievable by route name from the on board navigation database and conforms to the charted route however the route may subsequently be modified through the insertion or deletion of specific waypoints in response to atc clearances the manual entry or creation of new waypoints by manual entry of latitude and longitude or rho/theta values is not permitted additionally pilots must not change any rnav sid or star database waypoint type from a fly by to a fly over or vice versa exemple 404 Manually, by inserting or deleting waypoints, in response to an atc clearance.Manually, by inserting or deleting waypoints, in response to an atc clearance.

The following statement is correct regarding rnp / rnav navigation ?

Question 200-28 : Aircraft approved to the more stringent accuracy requirements may not necessarily meet some of the functional requirements of the navigation specification that having a less stringent accuracy requirement aircraft approved to the more stringent functional requirements automatically meet the accuracy requirements of the navigation specification that having a less stringent functional requirement aircraft approved to the more stringent accuracy requirements automatically meet the functional requirements of the navigation specification that having a less stringent accuracy requirement accuracy requirements are always similar to the functional requirements

Accuracy is one of many performance criteria of navigation specification besides accuracy there are other functional criteria which must be met all on board navigation system flight crew requirements etc .therefore for example even if an aircraft is approved rnp 1 it does not mean that it will be automatically approved for rnp 4 which is less stringent because the remaining requirements must also be met exemple 408 Aircraft approved to the more stringent accuracy requirements may not necessarily meet some of the functional requirements of the navigation specification that having a less stringent accuracy requirement.Aircraft approved to the more stringent accuracy requirements may not necessarily meet some of the functional requirements of the navigation specification that having a less stringent accuracy requirement.

For pbn operations what is correct regarding fly by waypoints and fly over ?

Question 200-29 : For fly by waypoints the turn is commenced prior to reaching the waypoint and for fly over waypoints the turn is commenced when overhead the waypoint for fly by waypoints the turn to the next course is commenced when overhead the waypoint and for fly over waypoints the turn is commenced prior to reaching the waypoint fly by waypoints use turn anticipation whereas fly over waypoints require the pilot to turn 30 seconds before or after reaching the waypoint fly over waypoints use turn anticipation but fly by waypoints do not

A fly by waypoint is one where the pilot is required to use turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of the next flight segment it allows the turn to start just before the waypoint overhead .a fly over waypoint as it says requires the aircraft to actually fly overhead the waypoint it precludes any turn until the waypoint is overflown and is followed by an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment exemple 412 For fly-by waypoints, the turn is commenced prior to reaching the waypoint, and for fly-over waypoints the turn is commenced when overhead the waypoint.For fly-by waypoints, the turn is commenced prior to reaching the waypoint, and for fly-over waypoints the turn is commenced when overhead the waypoint.

In relation to pbn operational approvals in accordance with the european ?

Question 200-30 : Only certain pbn specifications require an operational approval the pbn specifications that require operational approval are mctom maximum certified take off mass dependent the pbn specifications that require operational approval are operator dependent all pbn specifications require an operational approval

Easa air ops.spa pbn 100 pbn operations a an approval is required for each of the following pbn specifications 1 rnp ar apch and. 2 rnp 0 3 for helicopter operation b an approval for rnp ar apch operations shall allow operations on public instrument approach procedures which meet the applicable icao procedure design criteria c a procedure specific approval for rnp ar apch or rnp 0 3 shall be required for private instrument approach procedures or any public instrument approach procedure that does not meet the applicable icao procedure design criteria or where required by the aeronautical information publication aip or the competent authority from the above we can see that only certain pbn specifications require an operational approval we know this doesn't necessarily line up well with question 622703 which talks about rnp procedures within icao guidelines and this gets a bit messy but in simple terms easa do fit to the icao guidelines as these questions are talking in slightly different terms about what approval means the feedback indicates the questions are both correct in most recent exams exemple 416 Only certain pbn specifications require an operational approval.Only certain pbn specifications require an operational approval.

According to icao doc 9613 which of the following statements is correct ?

Question 200-31 : Rnp procedures require approval and are operator dependent only specific rnp procedures require approval no rnp procedures require approval all rnp procedures require approval

Icao doc 9613.3 4 3 operational approval3 4 3 1 2 the state of the operator is the authority responsible for approving flight operations .3 4 3 1 3 the authority must be satisfied that operational programmes are adequate training programmes and operations manuals should be evaluated 3 4 3 2 general rnav approval process .3 4 3 2 1 the operational approval process first assumes that the corresponding installation/airworthiness approval has been granted according to icao rnp equipment and procedures require approval and the operator is approved by the rules of their state but in real terms this often just means following the guidance and being able to prove that your aircraft equipment procedures and training are compliant with rnp specifications however be aware that if the question asks about easa regulations then only some pbn specifications require operational approval exemple 420 Rnp procedures require approval and are operator dependent.Rnp procedures require approval and are operator dependent.

What does pbn accommodate in the approach phases of flight ?

Question 200-32 : Both linear and angular laterally guided operations guidance to fly ils/mls/gls procedures angular laterally guided operations only linear laterally guided operations only

Icao doc 9613 . 1 1 4 scope of performance based navigation . 1 1 4 1 lateral performancefor oceanic/remote en route and terminal phases of flight pbn is limited to operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints due to legacy reasons associated with the previous rnp concept in the approach phases of flight pbn accommodates both linear and angular laterally guided operations .the guidance to fly the ils/mls/gls procedure is not provided by the rnp system consequently ils/mls/gls precision approach and landing operations are not included in this manual exemple 424 Both linear and angular laterally guided operations.Both linear and angular laterally guided operations.

In pbn operations on board performance monitoring and alerting of the path ?

Question 200-33 : Depends on the integrity of the navigation database and pde is assumed to be zero measures the difference between the aircraft's estimated position and its true position and the crew are alerted if pde is greater than the rnp specification is achieved by monitoring the aircraft's performance and alerting the crew if the aircraft's navigation system fails to perform accurately is managed by crew procedures in order to monitor the aircraft's position

Performance based navigation pbn .the inability to achieve the required lateral navigation accuracy may be due to navigation errors related to aircraft tracking and positioning the three main errors in the context of on board performance monitoring and alerting are path definition error pde flight technical error fte and navigation system error nse .. . path definition error pde occurs when the path defined in the rnav system does not correspond to the desired path i e the path expected to be flown over the ground rnav system is unable to accurately define the desired path path definition error pde is constrained through database integrity and functional requirements on the defined path and is considered negligible . . . flight technical error fte relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track including any display error e g course deviation indicator cdi centring error . . . navigation system error nse refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and actual position it is the error in the accuracy in determining actual aircraft coordinates exemple 428 Depends on the integrity of the navigation database, and pde is assumed to be zero.Depends on the integrity of the navigation database, and pde is assumed to be zero.

The fms can be used to check the estimated position error epe of the fms ?

Question 200-34 : The epe value must be equal to or less than the required navigation specification the epe is the total position error of the aircraft including the flight technical error the pilot is able to check that the aircraft follows the track as defined in the database the pilot uses this value to assess the flight technical error of the aircraft

Refer to figure the total system error tse is the sum of three main contributing errors path definition error pde flight technical error fte navigation system error nse the errors are independent of each other and affect the total system error the estimated position error epe is a statistically determined estimate of the system navigation performance it is also referred to as the actual navigation performance anp the integrity of the system to monitor the accuracy and alert in the case of a downgrade is essential for safe pbn operations the epe value must be equal to or less than the required navigation specification anp < rnp note definitions provided for the epe do not specify whether it is an estimate of tse or nse exemple 432 The epe value must be equal to or less than the required navigation specification.The epe value must be equal to or less than the required navigation specification.

What should an aircraft that operates to rnp1 or better be able to do ?

Question 200-35 : Compute estimated value of aircraft position error correct estimated value of aircraft position error compute exact value of aircraft position error correct exact value of aircraft position error

Icao doc 9613.rnp specification a navigation specification based on area navigation that includes the requirement for on board performance monitoring and alerting designated by the prefix rnp e g rnp 4 rnp apch .. value of aircraft position error is known as the navigation system error nse .. . navigation system error nse refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and actual position it is the error in the accuracy in determining actual aircraft coordinates this error can only be estimated and cannot be corrected as it is only a circle or radius of uncertainty exemple 436 Compute estimated value of aircraft position error.Compute estimated value of aircraft position error.

Lateral offset flightpath in rnav/rnp… ?

Question 200-36 : Is possible in increments of 1 nm up to 20 nm is possible during the entire route and also in approach phases is achieved by a 45 degree offset from track is possible only on the left side of track

Refer to figure .performance based navigation pbn manual.volume i concept and implementation guidance.5 5 offset flight path .rnav systems may provide the capability for the flight crew to specify a lateral offset from a defined route generally lateral offsets can be specified in increments of 1 nm up to 20 nm when a lateral offset is activated in the rnav system the rnav aircraft will depart the defined route and typically intercept the offset at a 45 degree or less angle when the offset is cancelled the aircraft returns to the defined route in a similar manner such offsets can be used both strategically i e fixed offset for the length of the route or tactically i e temporarily most rnav systems discontinue offsets in the terminal area or at the beginning of an approach procedure at an rnav hold or during course changes of 90 degrees or greater the amount of variability in these types of rnav operations should be considered as operational implementation proceeds see figure i a a1 8 exemple 440 Is possible in increments of 1 nm up to 20 nm.Is possible in increments of 1 nm up to 20 nm.

What are key areas of the navigation specification of rnav systems 1 accuracy . ?

Question 200-37 : 1 3 and 5 1 2 and 3 1 3 and 4 2 3 and 4

Performance based navigation pbn the pbn concept specifies that aircraft rnav system performance requirements be defined in terms of the accuracy integrity availability continuity and functionality which are needed for the proposed operations in the context of a particular airspace concept exemple 444 1, 3 and 5.1, 3 and 5.

What are the components of performance based navigation pbn ?

Question 200-38 : Navigational aid infrastructure navigation specification and navigation application navigational regulation navigation specification and navigation application navigational aid infrastructure and navigation specification navigation specification and navigation application

Refer to figure .according to icao doc 9613 pbn is one of several enablers of an airspace concept communications ats surveillance and atm are also essential elements of an airspace concept .the concept of performance based navigation pbn relies on the use of an area navigation rnav system there are two core input components for the application of pbn .1 the navaid infrastructure navaid infrastructure refers to space based and or ground based navigation aids available to meet the requirements in the navigation specification .2 the navigation specification .applying the above components in the context of the airspace concept to ats routes and instrument procedures results in a third component .3 the navigation application the application of a navigation specification and the supporting navaid infrastructure to routes procedures and/or defined airspace volume in accordance with the intended airspace concept exemple 448 Navigational aid infrastructure, navigation specification and navigation application.Navigational aid infrastructure, navigation specification and navigation application.

Sbas is required to comply with the pbn specifications for rnp approaches down ?

Question 200-39 : Lpv minima type b cat ii minima lnav minima baro vnav minima

Refer to figure .rnp apch to lpv minima.technically known as rnp approach procedures down to lpv minima lpvs were introduced within the pbn concept as new approach operations based on sbas a technology providing augmentation to gnss systems like gps .. . rnp approaches that can be conducted down to lpv minima are characterised by a coded final approach segment fas data block exemple 452 Lpv minima.Lpv minima.

For an rnp apch to lnav/vnav minima vertical guidance is based on the following ?

Question 200-40 : A method which is certified for the purpose only a barometric input the radio altimeter gbas

Refer to figure . learning objectives reference 062 07 05 05 04 state that an rnp apch to lnav/vnav minima may only be conducted with vertical guidance certified for the purpose rnp approach rnp apch rnp apch can be performed in 3 different ways to 3 different minima lnav only is a non precision approach similar to a vor approach using gnss lnav/vnav uses gnss plus a barometric vnav* system to give vertical guidance on the approach and is a 3 dimensional 3d approach with lower minimums than lnav only lpv minimums are even lower as low as 200ft ils cat i due to the narrowing effect of the allowed track like a localiser and the incredibly accurate position data and integrity is gained by using sbas augmentation to the gnss signal it is also a 3d approach standard the 3d approaches here are not precision approaches they sit somewhere inbetween non precision and precision and are called apv approaches approaches with vertical guidance *baro vnav is the minimum that can be used but there is backwards compatibility in rnp apch so the more accurate sbas can be used to perform an approach down to lnav/vnav minima if the state publishing the procedure allows it exemple 456 A method which is certified for the purpose.A method which is certified for the purpose.

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