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What are the potential dangers of operating an airborne weather radar awr on ? [ Answer reports ]

Question 194-1 : Harm human beings disturb radio communications with atc disturb nearby airport navigation systems cause misalignment of the aircraft’s air data and inertial reference system adirs

Avoid weather radar awr operation when personnel are within the area normally enclosed by the aircraft nose radome these radars can be the most dangerous critters in the cockpit awr work on super high freqencies shf to do what they do and without proper care that energy can be hazardous to you and others around the airplane i e tissues getting damaged exemple 294 Harm human beings.Harm human beings.

What is an advantage of an ssr with a ‘selective addressing mode’ over ?

Question 194-2 : It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification it is independent from airborne and space based systems its range is unrelated to its transmitting power in case of a transponder malfunction the ssr can be used as a primary radar

Mode s.modes a and c are limited to 4096 available codes with an increasing volume of air traffic these systems become prone to interference mode s was invented to overcome these limitations 's' stands for selective addressing which means that a specific aircraft may be interrogated by the controller with selective addressing signal interference is avoided further ensuring system accuracy exemple 298 It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification.It allows for unambiguous aircraft identification.

When using awr in the climb what should be done ?

Question 194-3 : Tilt down tilt right tilt up tilt left

Refer to figure manual tilt managementthe tilt refers to the angle between the antenna beam centreline and the horizon the flight crew should regularly scan the area ahead of the aircraft in order to identify the strongest weather returns the flight crew should tilt the weather radar antenna up and down to obtain a correct display of a storm cell the flight crew must use the tilt knob to point the weather radar beam to the most reflective part of the storm cell use of the weather radar in accordance with the flight phase flight phase tilt control taxi away from ground personnel set the nd to the lowest range – as a rule set 15º up take off in the case of suspected adverse weather conditions manually and gradually tilt up to scan weather maximum 15º up in all other cases set the tilt to 4º up climb adjust the nd range as required and decrease the tilt angle as the aircraft climbs . generally set the tilt 5º to 7º up initially possibly steadily reducing with altitude level flight/cruise adjust the nd range as required regularly modify the tilt to scan weather ahead of the aircraft when the weather scan is completed adjust the tilt so that the ground returns appear on the top of the nd . at high altitude tilt is set to 0º to 0 5º except under adverse weather conditions descent set the tilt to about 5º up approach set the tilt to 4º up – which prevents the display of too many ground returns exemple 302 Tilt downTilt down

What is the difference between a/c all call and a/c/s all call ?

Question 194-4 : Duration of p4 pulse duration p2 pulse presence of p4 pulse amplitude of p4 pulse

Refer to figure .mode a/c all call consists of p1 p2 p3 and short p4 .mode a/c and s consists of p1 p2 p3 and long p4 .. . as you can see in the attached diagram the difference lies in the duration of p4 pulses exemple 306 Duration of p4 pulse.Duration of p4 pulse.

Which statement is correct regarding the airborne weather radar and it autotilt ?

Question 194-5 : It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude it adjusts its tilt according to the bank angle it adjusts its tilt on the ground to avoid harming ground personnel it adjusts its tilt according to the attitude

The flight crew uses four features to operate the radar .. . antenna tilt this is the angle between the centre of the beam and the horizon . . . range control of the nd this has an essential influence on the optimum tilt setting . . . gain control this adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver . . . radar modes weather wx or weather + turbulence wx + t . ..early generation of full manual controlled radars were without auto tilt .honeywell introduced the first weather radar featuring with an automatic tilt computation named autotilt .when in autotilt mode the radar uses the egpws terrain database and automatically adjusts the antenna tilt based on the aircraft position altitude and the selected nd range fig 6 .the next generation of radars fully automatic radars optimize weather detection and decrease significantly the pilots’ workload necessary to understand the complete picture of the weather ahead they included automatic functions which .. . scan airspace ahead of the aircraft with multiple beams. . . feature a three dimensional 3d buffer to store weather data. . . automatically compute and adjust the antenna tilt. . . offer independent pilot control and display selection . ..this kind of radars automatically adjusts the gain and tilt based on various parameters aircraft altitude geographical area season time of the day to obtain the best weather display in each geographic region exemple 310 It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude.It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude.

Which of the following statements is correct about the 'gain' knob of an awr ?

Question 194-6 : It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition it adjusts the brightness of the display it can be used to activate the automatic gain control of the awr it is used to adjust antenna tilt

Weather radar operationthe flight crew uses four features to operate the radar antenna tilt this is the angle between the centre of the beam and the horizon range control of the nd this has an essential influence on the optimum tilt setting gain control this adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver radar modes weather wx or weather + turbulence wx + t source safetyfirst airbus com/the 'gain' of a radar adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver a high gain high sensitivity means that even very small reflected pulses will show up as returns on the radar screen but this means that the radar screen can easily get too cluttered with very small returns that we do not want to see a low gain will make the radar less sensitive and so only large returns will actually show up on the display changing the gain also changes the sensitivity of the different colour bands which is very useful the gain can be changed in flight for instance when looking at a cumulus cloud that does not look too violent we might be happy to proceed through it if we know which bits are worst within it with standard gain the whole cloud might be green but with the gain set a little higher it may be possible to see the worst patches within it the same goes for a thunderstorm that is huge and all red on the display reducing the gain can give more detail about the weather within exemple 314 It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition.It adjusts the receiver sensitivity in order to achieve optimum target acquisition.

One of the advantages of the secondary surveillance radar ssr systems over the ?

Question 194-7 : Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies atc ssr systems have moving target indicator capability which eliminates clutter so more aircraft can be tracked atc ssr systems permanently interrogate aircraft within range so the tracking is not interrupted atc ssr systems can reply to an aircraft interrogation and provide requested information

One of the biggest differences between a primary surveillance radar psr and a secondary surveillance radar ssr is that the psr relies on the reception of a reflected pulse the echo of the transmitted pulse on the other hand secondary radar ssr receives pulses transmitted by the target in response to interrogation pulses has the ability to interrogate an aircraft using a transponder and elicit replies exemple 318 Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies.Atc ssr systems can interrogate aircraft transponders and elicit replies.

Complete the following statement . on a multicolor awr magenta indicates a ?

Question 194-8 : Rainfall intensity lightning intensity turbulence intensity rainfall gradient

Refer to figure .airborne weather radar.airborne weather radar is designed for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it it detects drops of precipitation such as rain/snow/hail => rainfall intensity therefore do not try to use it to avoid instrument weather associated with clouds and fog – it does not provide any assurance of avoiding ifr weather conditions .reflectivity.weather detection is based on the reflectivity of water droplets the weather echo appears on the navigation display nd with a color scale a typical three color system will be green yellow and red with red being the most severe a typical four color system will be green yellow red and magenta with magenta being the most severe exemple 322 Rainfall intensity.Rainfall intensity.

During the flight you observe that what you saw as one return on your awr ?

Question 194-9 : This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease the awr is malfunctioning and the information cannot be trusted this is due to unwanted returns from contamination on the radome this is a function that shows areas of cat

Refer to figure .airborne weather radar.for efficient target resolution the beamwidth must be as narrow as possible and with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease as a result two distant clouds might appear as one large return until at a closer range they are displayed correctly as separate entities exemple 326 This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease.This is normal since with decreasing range the beam width azimuth will also decrease.

Regarding the awr what is the shadowing effect ?

Question 194-10 : A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected the aircraft’s parts hiding the awr antenna vor signal not received due to man built infrastructures i e buildings reduction of signal strength during transmission

Refer to figure .weather attenuation.the weather radar display depends on signal returns the more intense the precipitation the less distance the radar can see through therefore when the radar echo is unable to make the two way trip through heavy precipitation a 'shadowing' effect occurs .the stronger the rainstorm the more radar energy will be scattered by weather attenuation in simple words radar attenuation is simply the absorption or reflection of radar signals as the radar pulse penetrates an area of precipitation preventing that radar from detecting any additional cells that lie behind the first storm .tip for avoiding shadows to accurately interpret your radar returns aim the tilt on your radar down far enough to paint the ground then look for returns .. . if you see a potential shadow a dark blank area look for a cell in front of the shadow if you see a storm before the shadow avoid it . . . if you don’t see any storm cells in front of the dark area it’s probably not a shadow but may be a large lake or a tall mountain equally disturbing depending on your altitude exemple 330 A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected.A cloud behind another cloud which cannot be detected.

How should one avoid a thunderstorm ?

Question 194-11 : Fly on the upwind side of the storm avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen fly 5 nm to the side of the thunderstorm fly through avoiding magenta on your awr fly through turning on the anti icing equipment available

Thunderstorm avoidanceit’s simple airplanes and thunderstorms don’t mix flying through a thunderstorm especially in a light aircraft can be deadly thunderstorms can produce airframe shattering turbulence damaging hail sudden and dramatic wind shear strong gusty winds—sometimes as much as 20 miles from the edge of a cell never regard any thunderstorm lightly according to icao ac 120 88a appendix 1 . avoid any convective activity cbs en route by at least 20 nautical miles hail and severe turbulence can exist well outside of the storm cloud if you plan to deviate around a thunderstorm => fly on the upwind side so that your path does not converge with the path of the storm generally speaking you'll find the best chance for clear smooth air on the upwind side of a thunderstorm do not be tempted to try to fly under a thunderstorm even if you can see through the rain on the other side => besides rain hail and lighting the area under a thunderstorm typically contains severe turbulence including microbursts windshear and downdrafts trying to fly over a developing storm is also dangerous => the rising clouds can usually outclimb your aircraft if your aircraft is equipped with a weather avoidance system such as a weather radar you can use it to avoid thunderstorms you should avoid intense thunderstorms echoes by at least 20 nm airborne weather radar is designed for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it it detects drops of precipitation therefore do not try to use it to avoid instrument weather associated with clouds and fog – it does not provide any assurance of avoiding ifr weather conditions exemple 334 Fly on the upwind side of the storm, avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen.Fly on the upwind side of the storm, avoiding red and magenta coloured areas on the screen.

Mode s transponders receive interrogations from ?

Question 194-12 : Ssr ground station and tcas ssr ground station and awr ground station mode c transponders and ground stations only

Los 062 03 04 02 09 explain that mode s transponders receive interrogations from tcas and ssr ground stations mode s is a large improvement compared to modes a and c mode s has several further communication capabilities compared to modes a and c transponders in mode a can only provide response including the aircraft identification 4 digit transponder / squawk code transponders in mode c in addition to the identification can also provide an altitude information in the response transponders in mode s can provide all of this information and multitude of additional data such as • callsign . • specific aircraft identification / registration address . • altitude information in 25 ft increments as opposed to 100 ft increments for mode c . • datalink information allowing exchange of atc and flight operations related info between the atc and the aircraft mode s can transmit to ssr stations as well as other aircraft mode s transponders in air to air communication mode may work as traffic avoidance systems however messaging may also become available exemple 338 Ssr ground station and tcas.Ssr ground station and tcas.

State which information can be presented on the atc display system .1 pressure ?

Question 194-13 : 1 2 3 and 4 1 3 and 4 2 4 and 5 1 2 3 and 5

Refer to figures .the information presented in atc display systems is not exactly the same in the first figure we added callsign/id is on the top line and the bottom line contains flight level information on the left and gs multiply by 10 information on the right in the second figure we have added the top line is the same as the information first figure top line and it is clear from the units what the information on the bottom line is although not all of these systems are perfectly identical they display the speed of the airplane as gs not tas los 062 03 04 03 02 state which information can be presented on the atc display system pressure altitude flight level flight number or aircraft registration number gs modern atc systems use digital screens that present controllers with a computer generated display the computer features the mti as well as additional content that may be useful for the controller such as pressure altitude flight level flight number or aircraft registration number andground speed gs exemple 342 1, 2, 3, and 4.1, 2, 3, and 4.

No radar returns are received from an area which is located behind an area ?

Question 194-14 : The weather conditions are unknown the area is clear from precipitation there is less intense precipitation the precipitation is more intense

Refer to figure .weather attenuation.the weather radar display depends on signal returns the more intense the precipitation the less distance the radar can see through therefore when the radar echo is unable to make the two way trip through heavy precipitation a 'shadowing' effect occurs .the stronger the rainstorm the more radar energy will be scattered by weather attenuation in simple words radar attenuation or shadowing is simply the absorption or reflection of radar signals as the radar pulse penetrates an area of precipitation preventing that radar from detecting any additional cells that lie behind the first storm .. the awr is blind to whatever conditions may be lurking behind the thunderstorm in the area where the shadowing occurs conditions are unknown exemple 346 The weather conditions are unknown.The weather conditions are unknown.

Complete the following sentence . the secondary surveillance radar ssr mode s ?

Question 194-15 : 1 ssr modes a and c 2 automatic dependent surveillance broadcast ads b 1 airborne weather radar awr 2 the traffic alert and collision avoidance system tcas 1 distance measuring equipment dme 2 enhanced vertical tracking 1 the radio altimeter 2 ssr mode c

Secondary surveillance radar ssr modes and codes .. mode a interrogator requests position information from the transponder provides solely 2d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane . mode c interrogator requests position and pressure altitude information from the transponder provides 3d position information that is presented on the screen of the controller in the horizontal plane with an altitude indication . mode s in addition to the functions of mode c it sends a request for data transmission as well mode s transponders are compatible with mode a and mode c secondary surveillance radar ssr systems in the sense that a mode s interrogator can get replies from mode a and c transponders ..ads b is a next generation surveillance method for aircraft that works as a supplement for the traditional radar based system ads b communication and surveillance further requires identification and selective addressing of aircraft which is done by ssr and mode s transponder technology therefore mode s identification technology supports future air traffic surveillance in the long term exemple 350 (1) ssr modes a and c; (2) automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ads-b).(1) ssr modes a and c; (2) automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ads-b).

What does the mode s provide information to ?

Question 194-16 : Ssr and tcas dme and radio altimeter awr and tcas ssr and ads b

In ssr mode s transponders in aircraft are selectively interrogated by sensors ssr ground stations to perform ranging and bearing as well as to provide enhanced situational awareness with the exchange of binary encoded surveillance information information from mode s transponders can be received from ssr ground stations which have the capability to interrogate a mode s transponder tcas systems also rely on the the mode s data link to detect collision hazards and exchange resolution advisories among each other in ads b the new standard that has become mandatory in most airspaces by 2020 mode s transponders elicit the periodic or event driven transmission of extended squitters ads b messages in order to provide position velocity and identity reports to aircraft and ground stations in range important note we have received multiple feedback supporting the option 'ssr and ads b' however latest feedback feb 22 states that the current correct option is 'ssr and tcas' which possibly indicates that this question has been recently updated by easa please let us know if you come across this question exemple 354 Ssr and tcas.Ssr and tcas.

You are flying in an area with several ts you are flying at fl330 what is the ?

Question 194-17 : Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective tilt up to see how high the cloud tops are in order to fly over it with a suitable margin tilt up in order to see the holes to fly through in between thunderstorms tilt down to account for the curvature of the earth

Refer to figure .los 062 03 03 05 02 describe appropriate tilt settings in relation to altitude and thunderstorms .manual tilt management.the tilt refers to the angle between the antenna beam centreline and the horizon the flight crew should regularly scan the area ahead of the aircraft in order to identify the strongest weather returns the flight crew should tilt the weather radar antenna up and down to obtain a correct display of a storm cell the flight crew must use the tilt knob to point the weather radar beam to the most reflective part of the storm cell .at high altitude a storm cell may contain ice particles that have low reflectivity if the tilt setting is not correct the nd may display only the upper less reflective part of the storm cell over scanning as a result the flight crew may underestimate or not detect a storm cell at all .. . the pilot would normally keep the tilt at 0º to 0 5º down during high altitude cruise however if there is a thunderstorm in front the pilot would want to turn the tilt down significantly about 5º down to see where the worst part of the storm is and how severe the core of the storm is we believe this is the point they want to get across in this question . .. . . . use of the weather radar in accordance with the flight phase. . . . . flight phase. . . tilt control. . . . . taxi. . . away from ground personnel set the nd to the lowest range – as a rule set 15º up . . . . . take off. . . in the case of suspected adverse weather conditions manually and gradually tilt up to scan weather maximum 15º up in all other cases set the tilt to 4º up . . . . . climb. . . adjust the nd range as required and decrease the tilt angle as the aircraft climbs . generally set the tilt 5º to 7º up initially possibly steadily reducing with altitude . . . . . level flight/cruise. . . adjust the nd range as required regularly modify the tilt to scan weather ahead of the aircraft when the weather scan is completed adjust the tilt so that the ground returns appear on the top of the nd . at high altitude tilt is set to 0º to 0 5º except under adverse weather conditions . . . . . descent. . . set the tilt to about 5º up . . . . . approach. . . set the tilt to 4º up – which prevents the display of too many ground returns exemple 358 Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective.Tilt down as ice crystals at this level are not reflective.

Mode s transponders can provide vertical tracking by using a altitude ?

Question 194-18 : 25 ft 35 ft 50 ft 100 ft

Vertical performance.mode c provides pressure altitude information in addition to identification and position information compared to mode a the transponder message is reported in 100 feet increments which should be considered in terms of vertical separaction by atc .mode s has significantly better performance compared to mode c in terms of updating controller with altitude data the altitude may be reported with an accuracy of 25 feet exemple 362 25 ft25 ft

Which of the following statements in reference to the display of aircraft on a ?

Question 194-19 : Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated but not simultaneously only the bearing to the aircraft can be estimated only the range to the aircraft can be estimated

Refer to figure .primary surveillance radar psr .the psr output data uses polar coordinate system it provides range and bearing of the targets found in respect of the antenna position these are acquired simultaneously note that the range is the slant distance from the antenna and not the horizontal distance .the range is determined by the time difference of the emitted and received pulse the speed of propagation is the speed of light and the bearing is obtained from the antenna azimuth the rotation speed of the antenna is usually between 5 and 12 rpm exemple 366 Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously.Both the range and bearing to the aircraft can be estimated simultaneously.

What aircraft system will reply to ssr interrogations ?

Question 194-20 : Mode s transponder automatic dependant surveillance broadcast ads b air data computer adc flight management computer fmc

062 03 04 02 09 explain that mode s transponders receive interrogations from tcas and ssr ground stations the secondary surveillance radar ssr is a surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers interrogators and transponders the radar antenna rotates and transmits a pulse which is received by the onboard equipment transponder the transponder sends back a reply containing at least a code if operating in mode a but more often this is combined with level mode c or other information e g aircraft identification selected level etc mode s the information received depends on the interrogation mode a c or s and the transponder capability the ssr relies on the onboard equipment to discover aircraft in case of transponder failure the ssr will receive no reply and will therefore not discover the target exemple 370 Mode s transponderMode s transponder

When in the wx+t mode what is the airborne weather radar able to detect ?

Question 194-21 : Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening clear air turbulence at cruising altitude by using doppler techniques with an increased prf pulse repetition frequency thunderstorms with strong updraft and downdraft by measuring static emitted from lightning turbulent clouds by looking for ice crystals in the upper part of a thunderstorm at a reduced wavelength

Wx t mode this mode stands for weather plus turbulence and enables display of weather targets with turbulence information overlaid on the nd turbulence is displayed in magenta the turb function is on most weather radars only active within a range of 40 nm doppler measurement capability and should only be used in wet turbulence .. activating the turbulence mode means the radar will not just be looking at where the return pulses come from and their distance but also any frequency shift in the returning pulse if the frequency has changed then the thing the pulse bounced off must itself be moving which in turn implies movement of the air and turbulence note that pulses must have something to bounce off ideally large droplets they cannot detect clear air turbulence exemple 374 Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening.Turbulence by looking for a frequency shift in combination with pulse flattening.

The following system s can report an aircraft’s altitude to a precision of 25 ?

Question 194-22 : A mode s transponder mode a and mode s transponders a mode c transponder and primary radar mode c and mode s transponders

Vertical performance.mode c provides pressure altitude information in addition to identification and position information compared to mode a the transponder message is reported in 100 feet increments which should be considered in terms of vertical separaction by atc .mode s has significantly better performance compared to mode c in terms of updating controller with altitude data the altitude may be reported with an accuracy of 25 feet exemple 378 A mode s transponder.A mode s transponder.

The airborne weather radar awr is displayed on a coloured screen showing the ?

Question 194-23 : Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas the areas that have the worst precipitation are coloured yellow and they should be avoided at all times fly towards the area where the contours are the steepest and avoid any areas that are yellow aim to avoid the thunderstorm by at least 5nm so as to avoid any turbulence

Airborne weather radardepending on the returning echoes the reflectivity of the area defines the amount of water droplets present therefore the differing intensity of expected precipitation is presented to the pilot with colour codes the painted colours dependent on the water concentration are as follows colourwater concentrationexpected turbulencegreenlightnone or lightyellowmoderatelightredheavymedium or severemagentaheavy or iceseveregenerally speaking you'll find the best chance for clear smooth air on the upwind side of a thunderstorm exemple 382 Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas.Fly on the upwind side of the thunderstorm and avoid red or magenta coloured areas.

How will an ssr interrogation be directed toward a specific aircraft ?

Question 194-24 : With a unique 24 bit address in the interrogation controller pilot data link communications cpdlc will reply with a unique aircraft identifier by limiting the beam width of the ssr transmission the ssr interrogation is directed to the aircraft’s position

062 03 04 02 11 state that every aircraft is allocated an icao aircraft address which is hard coded into the mode s transponder mode s address .062 03 04 02 12 explain that a 24 bit address is used in all mode s transmissions so that every interrogation can be directed to a specific aircraft mode smodes a and c are limited to 4096 available codes with an increasing volume of air traffic these systems become prone to interference mode s was invented to overcome these limitations 's' stands for selective addressing which means that a specific aircraft my be interrogated by the controller one of the main features of mode s is the availability of codes the aircraft address code will be made up of a 24 bit code considering a 24 bit binary code it provides over 16 million 224 = 16 777 216 possible hard coded individual addresses to be allocated mode s differs from modes a and c due to the additional data message up to 112 bits that is transmitted via interrogation exemple 386 With a unique 24-bit address in the interrogation.With a unique 24-bit address in the interrogation.

How is the special position identification spi pulse transmitted ?

Question 194-25 : By the transponder as a result of the pilot pushing the ident button by the ssr interrogator if it is suspected that responses are received from aircraft that are located in the direction of the side lobes of the interrogator antenna by the ssr interrogator in order to request the identification of an aircraft automatically when the transponder responds to a mode a interrogation

The pilot may manually transmit a special position identification spi pulse when the 'ident' button on the pilot's transponder is pressed the benefit of the squawk 'ident' function is a manual identification of the aircraft the controller may ask via the radio communication frequency to 'ident' in case of any doubt of identification on the controller display upon acquisition of the spi pulse the transponder indication begins to flash on the display of the controller this produces a distinctive display so that a controller can pick out a particular aircraft by asking the pilot to squawk ident exemple 390 By the transponder as a result of the pilot pushing the ident button.By the transponder as a result of the pilot pushing the ident button.

The information available on an air traffic controller's screen about an ?

Question 194-26 : 1 ground speed 2 ssr 1 heading 2 primary radar 1 flight level 2 primary radar 1 pitch angle 2 ssr

Refer to figure . in practice the atc uses both the primary and secondary surveillance radar ssr systems together primary radar is a very useful equipment in determining the aircraft bearing and range but it has limitations for example if the target is too small targets can not be directly identified as a specific aircraft no transponder code or the radar signals suffer attenuation due to adverse weather such as storms for these reasons the atc uses both the primary and secondary radars the ssr supplements the primary radar when used in conjunction the primary radar is more accurate in determining the bearing and range of the targets than the ssr but the ssr provides multitude of additional information the atc controllers are therefore able to see the squawk code transponder code flight level provided by the transponder in mode c groundspeed calculated by the ssr ground facility based on the change of bearing and distance of the aircraft and a callsign provided by the transponder in mode s or assigned by the ground facility to a specific squawk code exemple 394 (1) ground speed; (2) ssr(1) ground speed; (2) ssr

The crew of a large jet aircraft want to use their airborne weather radar to ?

Question 194-27 : Becomes clear in the area of the storm shows green or yellow in the area of the storm shows magenta in the area of the storm shows hooks and scalloping in the area of the storm

Refer to figure .the airborne weather radar awr system fitted on large aircraft uses a primary radar system to look for reflections from precipitation in clouds the wetter and larger the precipitation the better the reflectivity the stronger the returns wet hail gives the best returns whereas ice crystals and dry snow do not give good radar returns stronger returns show up in red whereas weaker returns are green and yellow returns in the middle sometimes magenta is used to show areas of turbulence .the thin pencil beam of the radar scans the area ahead of the aircraft horizontally and the pilots can choose to manually adjust the vertical tilt of the beam this can be used to detect the tops or even bases of clouds given a small diagram and a basic knowledge of trigonometry the awr will only display returns when it is pointed at an area containing precipitation in this case a storm cloud when we tilt the radar beam high enough it will no longer see the cloud at which point the returns in that area of the screen will stop and this is the angle between the aircraft and the top of the cloud .given that we know the range from the storm which is already on our awr display we can calculate the relative height of the top of the cloud and therefore the approximate altitude of the top using the following formula .. cloud tops = range ft x radar tilt angle 1/2 beam width exemple 398 Becomes clear in the area of the storm.Becomes clear in the area of the storm.

Which of these is one of the main functions of the tilt control on an airborne ?

Question 194-28 : To search for areas of intense precipitation at different levels from the aircraft to keep the transmitter level during the aircraft’s pitch changes to allow the identification of clear air above a developing thunderstorm to allow the pilots to prevent ground personnel being exposed to radiation

The airborne weather radar awr system fitted on large aircraft uses a primary radar system to look for reflections from precipitation in clouds the wetter and larger the precipitation the better the reflectivity the stronger the returns wet hail gives the best returns whereas ice crystals and dry snow do not give good radar returns stronger returns show up in red whereas weaker returns are green and yellow returns in the middle sometimes magenta is used to show areas of turbulence .the awr is self stabilising at a chosen attitude using the irs attitude system it therefore does not respond to aircraft pitch/roll changes and can be set at a range of desired vertical tilt angles depending on what the crew want to detect the tilt settings are usually set high in the climb to detect weather that is about to be climbed into low in the cruise to detect the main cores of weather around and high again during the descent to reduce the amount of ground returns that show up on the display on modern aircraft there is often an auto tilt setting that is used to relieve pilot workload but can be overriden for manual tasks .in this question the best feature is the ability to scan other levels for more/less precipitation potentially to choose a better level to penetrate precipitation at it would not be useful to scan clear air above a developing thunderstorm as the cb cloud will continue rising so this data becomes useless very quickly exemple 402 To search for areas of intense precipitation at different levels from the aircraft.To search for areas of intense precipitation at different levels from the aircraft.

Which of the following describes a correct tilt setting for an airborne weather ?

Question 194-29 : During a climb the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds a high tilt setting is helpful to detect a thunderstorm during a climb during any phase of flight the tilt of the weather radar will always be adjusted to the optimum tilt a low tilt setting should be used during descent if thunderstorms are expected

The airborne weather radar awr system fitted on large aircraft uses a primary radar system to look for reflections from precipitation in clouds the wetter and larger the precipitation the better the reflectivity the stronger the returns wet hail gives the best returns whereas ice crystals and dry snow do not give good radar returns stronger returns show up in red whereas weaker returns are green and yellow returns in the middle sometimes magenta is used to show areas of turbulence . . the awr is self stabilising at a particular attitude using the irs attitude system it therefore does not respond to aircraft pitch changes and can be set at a range of desired vertical tilt angles depending on what the crew want to detect the tilt settings are usually set high at take off and the beginning of the climb to detect weather that is about to be climbed into then reduced during the climb to spot the more violent cores of weather such as developing thunderstorms that could affect the aircraft it should be kept low in the cruise to detect the main cores of weather around and raised gradually during the descent to reduce the amount of ground returns that show up on the display exemple 406 During a climb, the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds.During a climb, the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds.

Flying at fl330 ahead of you there are thunderstorms above which is the proper ?

Question 194-30 : During a climb the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds during any phase of flight the tilt of the weather radar will always be adjusted to the optimum tilt a low tilt setting should be used during descent if thunderstorms are expected a high tilt setting is helpful to detect a thunderstorm during a climb

The airborne weather radar awr system fitted on large aircraft uses a primary radar system to look for reflections from precipitation in clouds the wetter and larger the precipitation the better the reflectivity the stronger the returns wet hail gives the best returns whereas ice crystals and dry snow do not give good radar returns stronger returns show up in red whereas weaker returns are green and yellow returns in the middle sometimes magenta is used to show areas of turbulence . . the awr is self stabilising at a particular attitude using the irs attitude system it therefore does not respond to aircraft pitch changes and can be set at a range of desired vertical tilt angles depending on what the crew want to detect the tilt settings are usually set high at take off and the beginning of the climb to detect weather that is about to be climbed into then reduced during the climb to spot the more violent cores of weather such as developing thunderstorms that could affect the aircraft it should be kept low in the cruise to detect the main cores of weather around and raised gradually during the descent to reduce the amount of ground returns that show up on the display exemple 410 During a climb, the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds.During a climb, the tilt needs to be decreased to scan for hazardous clouds.

The control panel of an airborne weather radar awr has a knob for adjusting the ?

Question 194-31 : To adjust the sensitivity of the radar receiver to widen the beam width of the radar signal to adjust the brightness on the display to increase the range on the display

Weather radar operation.the flight crew uses four features to operate the radar .. antenna tilt this is the angle between the centre of the beam and the horizon . range control of the nd this also has an essential influence on the optimum tilt setting . gain control this adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver . radar modes weather wx or weather + turbulence wx + t .gain is simply a control of how much of a return the awr airborne weather radar needs to pick up before it shows it on the display it is the sensitivity and can be adjusted as required to see the areas of worst precipitation and see exactly how bad they are on a case by case basis exemple 414 To adjust the sensitivity of the radar receiver.To adjust the sensitivity of the radar receiver.

On the control panel for an airborne weather radar there is a setting called ?

Question 194-32 : To change the shape and orientation of the transmission beam down toward the ground to assist navigation during the missed approach procedure to display the weather returns as an overlay on a map on the navigation display to display a modified route based on detected areas of intense precipitation

Refer to figure .learning objective 062 03 03 06 01 describe the navigation function of the radar in the mapping mode .the airborn weather radar awr has two different uses the primary one is of course to spot the areas of precipitation around the front of the aircraft to allow the pilots to avoid any dangerous areas of weather .the secondary use consists of tilting the awr more downwards below the horizon where it will look for reflections from the nearby land this is the 'mapping' mode and the awr actually has a separate beam transmission pattern that is best suited to receive accurate ground returns this can be used for navigation especially when dealing with coastlines and islands etc it used to be a very useful tool but is less useful in the modern era due to gps systems and moving map displays exemple 418 To change the shape and orientation of the transmission beam down toward the ground.To change the shape and orientation of the transmission beam down toward the ground.

Which of the following types of interrogations will a mode s transponder reply ?

Question 194-33 : Ssr and tcas interrogations ssr and ads b interrogations ssr and primary radar interrogations tcas and ads b interrogations

Learning objective 062 03 04 01 03 state that an airborne transponder provides coded reply signals in response to interrogation signals from the ground secondary radar and from aircraft equipped with traffic alert and collision avoidance system tcas ..mode s transponders are a natural continuation of the mode a and mode c transponders the mode a transponder is able to sent a 4 digit squawk code of which there are only 4096 individual identities mode s can handle 16 million different icao 24 bit aircraft addresses aas these aas are unique addresses registered to a particular aircraft there is also a much larger ability for transfer of information through mode s with many different aircraft parameters able to be transferred to the ground through els elementary surveillance or ehs enhanced surveillance systems and even a capacity of communications via datalink .mode s transponders use the same frequencies as mode a/c transponders so are backwards compatible and the ssr ground station produces different interrogation pulses to require a response from a particular mode s transponder or can 'all call' mode s transponders .the mode s transponder also receives information from tcas interrogations from nearby aircraft and replies with information such as range bearing and altitude to aid tcas separation mode s transponders are key to tcas operation and are very closely linked .the other options in these answers could not be correct in primary radar there is a reflection not a reply ads b is a system which relies on un requested output signals from the aircraft's transponder called squitters these squitters also aid tcas identification exemple 422 Ssr and tcas interrogations.Ssr and tcas interrogations.

In what ways can information from a typical airborne weather radar from a ?

Question 194-34 : Paths through areas of weather may be determined to ensure the safety and comfort of the flight all areas of turbulence may be identified to ensure the safety and comfort of the persons on board it is the prime source for navigating through mountainous areas due to its ability to detect terrain it detects ground features to enable navigation referenced to the ground when flying above clouds

Learning objective 062 03 03 06 03 explain how turbulence not cat can be detected by a modern weather radar .airborne weather radars have 2 main functions weather detection and ground mapping .pilots look ahead using their awr to pick the a route using areas of best weather and least turbulence turbulence can be detected by modern awrs but not all areas of turbulence as cat clear air turbulence has no associated particles which can reflect radar pulses it is invisible by definition .standard turbulence within clouds can be detected as the movement of the precipitation within the cloud causes a doppler shift on the returning radar pulses so the radar can form an idea of the air movement patterns in that area if they are erratic then turbulence exists in that region .this question is not referring to the mapping mode for one the mapping mode has been used for over 70 years so is not only used in 'modern' weather radars also the mapping is not very good at displaying mountainous terrain and would never be used for such applications it would also be very difficult to navigate via ground feagtures using it over the clouds as the clouds would reflect many pulses making it innacurate exemple 426 Paths through areas of weather may be determined to ensure the safety and comfort of the flight.Paths through areas of weather may be determined to ensure the safety and comfort of the flight.

The secondary surveillance radar ssr system used by aircraft transponders is ?

Question 194-35 : 1 interrogations 2 replies 1 transmission of pulse pairs 2 coded pulses 1 interrogations 2 pulse pairs 1 replies 2 interrogations

Learning objective 062 03 04 01 01 state that the atc system is based on the replies provided by the airborne transponders in response to interrogations from the atc secondary radar unlike a primary radar system which sends out pulses and then waits for any of those pulses to be reflected off an item such as an aircraft a secondary surveillance radar ssr sends out pulses which are interrogations of aircraft ssr transponders the interrogation is sent out of frequency 1030 mhz and the aircraft transponder then emits its own string of reply pulses on 1090 mhz a different frequency this method of radar usage has many benefits as the signals only need to be a quarter as powerful to travel half the distance primary radar signals have to travel to and object and then return to the station whereas with ssr the reply signals are freshly produced by the aircraft transponder so cover the air to ground journey reducing the required power of the radar ssr also has the benefits of being able to transmit a series of encoded pulses giving a 4 digit transponder squawk code of an aircraft in mode a operation and a pressure altitude readout when also using mode c more data can be sent out by mode s also and this is all encoded into strings of reply pulses emitted by the aircraft transponder exemple 430 (1) interrogations; (2) replies(1) interrogations; (2) replies

In general the operation of an aircraft's airborne weather radar awr whilst on ?

Question 194-36 : Only permitted whilst following certain precautions to safeguard health of ground personnel and to protect equipment totally prohibited unrestrictedly permitted in aerodrome maintenance areas permitted anywhere

062 03 03 04 01 explain why awr should be used with extreme caution when on the ground .airborne weather radar awr systems produce a powerful beam of electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 9 10 ghz which means that it is microwave radiation microwave radiation is hazardous to organic material as it heats up water molecules and fats very quickly exactly the same as in a microwave oven this can cause tissue damage if exposed in high quantities .this is the reason that awrs should be switched off when on the ground unless proper precautions have been taken to avoid the ground crew being exposed to the radiation for testing etc exemple 434 Only permitted whilst following certain precautions, to safeguard health of ground personnel and to protect equipment.Only permitted whilst following certain precautions, to safeguard health of ground personnel and to protect equipment.

A young adult interested in becoming a pilot is invited into the cockpit they ?

Question 194-37 : Detecting significant weather and ground mapping detecting thunderstorms and turbulence ground mapping and controlling the gain of the beam detecting turbulence and functioning in wx+t mode

Learning objective 062 03 03 01 01 list the two main tasks of the weather radar in respect of weather and navigation .the trick with this question is to translate it into the relevant parts immediately the examiner has written a story to increase confusion and test the candidate's ability to pick out important information which also happens in lots of other atpl questions .this question can be translated into 'what are the two main tasks of the airborne weather radar ' the two main tasks of the airborne weather radar awr see learning objective above are detecting significant weather in order to avoid it and to use for ground mapping which used to be very common use of the awr but is less used these days .the question also mentions the tilt control knob but does not actually ask a question related to it it is just part of the story exemple 438 Detecting significant weather and ground mapping.Detecting significant weather and ground mapping.

Some of the advantages of secondary surveillance radar ssr in comparison to ?

Question 194-38 : 1 collects more data 2 of the active participation of the aircraft's transponder 1 enables the controller to have a more organised display 2 it uses longer interrogation pulses 1 provides coded replies 2 of its naturally higher transmission power 1 uses smaller aerials 2 it operates at higher frequencies

Learning objective 062 03 04 01 04 state the advantages of secondary surveillance radar ssr over a primary radar regarding range and collected information due to transponder principal information and active participation of the aircraft unlike a primary radar system which sends out pulses and then waits for any of those pulses to be reflected off an item such as an aircraft a secondary surveillance radar ssr sends out pulses which are interrogations of aircraft ssr transponders the interrogation is sent out of frequency 1030 mhz and the aircraft transponder then emits its own string of reply pulses on 1090 mhz a different frequency this method of radar usage has many benefits as the signals only need to be a quarter as powerful to travel half the distance primary radar signals have to travel to and object and then return to the station whereas with ssr the reply signals are freshly produced by the aircraft transponder so cover the air to ground journey reducing the required power of the radar . . ssr also has the benefits of being able to transmit a series of encoded pulses giving a 4 digit transponder squawk code of an aircraft in mode a operation and a pressure altitude readout when also using mode c more data can be sent out by mode s also and this is all encoded into strings of reply pulses emitted by the aircraft transponder exemple 442 (1) collects more data; (2) of the active participation of the aircraft's transponder(1) collects more data; (2) of the active participation of the aircraft's transponder

The tilt of an airborne weather radar is lowered whilst searching for ?

Question 194-39 : The greatest reflectivity occurs from wet hail and rain these elements usually exist in the lower levels of a thunderstorm the greatest reflectivity occurs from dry hail and snow these elements exist mainly in the lower levels of a thunderstorm ground clutter is more evident and therefore less likely to be confused with thunderstorm activity ground clutter enhances the display by automatically turning up the gain and increasing the likelihood of detecting thunderstorm activity

Refer to figure .los 062 03 03 05 02 describe appropriate tilt settings in relation to altitude and thunderstorms .airborne weather radar.an airborne weather radar is designed for avoiding severe weather not for penetrating it awr detects drops of precipitation such as rain and wet hail .at high altitude a storm cell may contain ice particles that have low reflectivity if the tilt setting is not correct the nd may display only the upper less reflective part of the storm cell over scanning as a result the flight crew may underestimate or not detect a storm cell at all .. the pilot would normally keep the tilt at 0º to 0 5º down during high altitude cruise however if there is a thunderstorm in front the pilot would want to turn the tilt down significantly about 5º down to see where the worst part of the storm is and how severe the core of the storm is .. . . use of the weather radar in accordance with the flight phase. . . flight phase. tilt control. . . taxi. away from ground personnel set the nd to the lowest range – as a rule set 15º up . . . take off. in the case of suspected adverse weather conditions manually and gradually tilt up to scan weather maximum 15º up in all other cases set the tilt to 4º up . . . climb. adjust the nd range as required and decrease the tilt angle as the aircraft climbs . generally set the tilt 5º to 7º up initially possibly steadily reducing with altitude . . . level flight/cruise. adjust the nd range as required regularly modify the tilt to scan weather ahead of the aircraft when the weather scan is completed adjust the tilt so that the ground returns appear on the top of the nd . at high altitude tilt is set to 0º to 0 5º except under adverse weather conditions . . . descent. set the tilt to about 5º up . . . approach. set the tilt to 4º up – which prevents the display of too many ground returns exemple 446 The greatest reflectivity occurs from wet hail and rain, these elements usually exist in the lower levels of a thunderstorm.The greatest reflectivity occurs from wet hail and rain, these elements usually exist in the lower levels of a thunderstorm.

What is shown on the atc radar screen when the pilot pushes the special ?

Question 194-40 : A flashing indication of the aircraft which is 'squawking ident' a flashing indication of all the aircraft which are not 'squawking ident' the removal of that aircraft from the radar display a flashing indication of all the aircraft on the radar display

Learning objective 062 03 04 02 07 state that in addition to the information provided on request from atc a special position identification spi pulse can be transmitted but only as a result of a manual selection by the pilot ident button ..the pilot may manually transmit a special position identification spi pulse when the 'ident' button on the pilot's transponder is pressed the benefit of the squawk 'ident' function is a manual identification of the aircraft the controller may ask via the radio communication frequency to 'ident' in case of any doubt of identification on the controller's display upon acquisition of the spi pulse the indication of that aircraft begins to flash on the display of the controller this produces a distinctive display so that a controller can pick out a particular aircraft by asking the pilot to squawk ident it is one of the many ways that controllers can link an aircraft on frequency to one on their radar display .note this question has been created from incomplete feedback so any further information particularly about the 4 options would be useful to refine the question thank you exemple 450 A flashing indication of the aircraft which is 'squawking ident'.A flashing indication of the aircraft which is 'squawking ident'.

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