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Question > security : Which one of the following is an advantages of a multi sensor system using ?

Question 188-1 : The gnss can be used to update the fms position from a drifting irs the activation of 'selective availability' can be recognised by the ins the fms always uses average position calculated from the gnss and the irs the gnns is never used as an input in a multi sensor system

.what is a multi sensor system in aviation it's a fmc flight management computer .informations received from a gnss are well more accurate than an ins while computing our position from different sources the fmc can use gnss position to continuously 'correct' the information received from the ins we will not correct physically the drift exemple 288 the gnss can be used to update the fms position from a drifting irs.the gnss can be used to update the fms position from a drifting irs.

What type of clock is used in navstar gps satellites ?

Question 188-2 : Atomic quartz mechanical laser

exemple 292 atomic.atomic.

How many clocks are installed in each navstar gps satellite ?

Question 188-3 : 4 3 2 1

exemple 296 4.4.

What is egnos european global navigation overlay system ?

Question 188-4 : Wide area differential gps wadgps local area differential gps ladgps glonass local area augmentation system laas

. egnos european geostationary navigation overlay service consists of 3 geostationary inmarsat satellites which broadcast gps look alike signals.egnos is designed to improve accuracy to 1 2m horizontally and 3 5 m vertically..integrity and safety are improved by alerting users within 6 seconds if a gps malfunction occurs up to 3 hrs gps alone. wadgps is an acronym for wide area differential gps it's a general term for solutions used to enhance gps accuracy over large areas e g north america or europe.wadgps solutions usually use a network of ground based stations that compare their precisely known location with locations calculated from gps satellite signals any differences found can be used to create correction data that's broadcast from satellites..satellite based augmentation systems include . egnos in western europe and the mediterranean. waas in usa. msas in japan. gagan in india exemple 300 wide area differential gps (wadgps).wide area differential gps (wadgps).

In accordance with icao annex 10 the navstar/gps global average 95% position ?

Question 188-5 : 13 m horizontally 30 m horizontally 22 m in 3d 5 m vertically

.the us department of defense has released the new gps performance standard in october 2001 taking into account the new levels of performance achievable without sa selective availability according to the revised performance standard for gps sps standard positioning service positioning accuracy standards are given as dod 2001 .global average positioning domain accuracy.= or < 13 meters 95% all in view horizontal error signal in space only.= or < 22 meters 95% all in view vertical error signal in space only exemple 304 13 m horizontally.13 m horizontally.

In relation to the satellite navigation system navstar/gps 'all in view' is a ?

Question 188-6 : Is tracking more than the required 4 satellites and can instantly replace any lost signal with another already being monitored requires the signals of all visible satellites for navigation purposes is receiving and tracking the signals of all 24 operational satellites simultaneously is receiving the signals of all visible satellites but tracking only those of the 4 with the best geometric coverage

exemple 308 is tracking more than the required 4 satellites and can instantly replace any lost signal with another already being monitored.is tracking more than the required 4 satellites and can instantly replace any lost signal with another already being monitored.

The gps control segment consists of ?

Question 188-7 : A master control station monitor stations and ground antennas a master control stations and monitor stations a master control station monitor stations and geostationary satellites a master control station monitor stations ground antennas and geostationary satellites

.the control segment permits to ensure that the transmitted data of the satellites is controlled and updated from time to time by ground stations. main tasks of the control segment are . managing sps performance. navigation data upload. monitoring satellites..the control segment comprises . a master control station. ground antenna. monitoring stations..for information .the space segment consists of a notional constellation of 24 operational satellites.the user segment is the gps receiver side exemple 312 a master control station, monitor stations and ground antennas.a master control station, monitor stations and ground antennas.

One of the tasks of the gps control segment is ?

Question 188-8 : To detect the malfunctioning of satellites to control continuously the motion of gps satellites to calculate and transmit differential corrections to users to calculate the accuracy of gps

exemple 316 to detect the malfunctioning of satellites.to detect the malfunctioning of satellites.

One of the tasks of the gps control segment is ?

Question 188-9 : To determine and send new ephemeris and new satellite clock error data to the gps satellites to control continuously the position and the motion of gps satellites to calculate and transmit differential corrections to users which are able to receive wide area differential gps systems to regulate the transmitted power by the satellites

The control segment comprises . a master control station. ground antenna. monitoring stations..the master control station is responsible for all aspects of the constellation command and control.the main tasks of the control segment are . managing sps performance. navigation data upload. monitoring satellites exemple 320 to determine and send new ephemeris and new satellite clock error data to the gps-satellites.to determine and send new ephemeris and new satellite clock error data to the gps-satellites.

For what reason is a mask angle set up in a gps receiver ?

Question 188-10 : To deny the receiver the use of gps satellites with an elevation less than the mask angle to make the receiver select gps satellites with a certain optimum elevation which is about equal to the mask angle to eliminate the reception of the signal from gps satellites with an elevation of about 90° to select from all visible gps satellites the satellite configuration which results in the smallest gdop

.mask angle is that angle above the horizon below which satellites will not provide a usable signal to the receiver.the mask angle is generally set to 5 degrees as a default although the user is provided with the capability to select other mask angles exemple 324 to deny the receiver the use of gps-satellites with an elevation less than the mask angle.to deny the receiver the use of gps-satellites with an elevation less than the mask angle.

What is the function of the control segment in gps navstar ?

Question 188-11 : To ensure the transmitted data of the satellites is controlled and updated from time to time by ground stations it calculates the aircraft position to monitor and ensure that the transmitted signals are saved and processed to utilise waas to transmit a signal used by a suitable receiver to calculate position

.the control segment consists of five monitor stations hawaii kwajalein ascension island diego garcia colorado springs three ground antennas ascension island diego garcia kwajalein and a master control station mcs located at schriever afb in colorado the monitor stations passively track all satellites in view accumulating ranging data this information is processed at the mcs to determine satellite orbits and to update each satellite's navigation message updated information is transmitted to each satellite via the ground antennas .these updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model the updates are created by a kalman filter that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations space weather information and various other inputs exemple 328 to ensure the transmitted data of the satellites is controlled and updated from time to time by ground stations.to ensure the transmitted data of the satellites is controlled and updated from time to time by ground stations.

The term 'sbas' signifies ?

Question 188-12 : Satellite based augmentation systems supplemental based augmentation systems service broadcast application systems satellite based area systems

. the principle of a sbas to measure on the ground the signal errors transmitted by gnss satellites and transmit differential corrections and integrity messages for navigation satellites . 2609 exemple 332 satellite based augmentation systems.satellite based augmentation systems.

The term 'gbas' signifies ?

Question 188-13 : Ground based augmentation systems general broadcast application systems ground based augmentation software gps based augmentation standard

.the gbas ground segment consists of three or four gbas reference receivers that are sited typically on or near an airport property these reference receivers track the signals from navigation satellites and pass pseudorange measurements and other information relevant to signal health and system performance monitoring to a central processing facility .the central processing facility uses the multiple redundant observations of the pseudoranges to compute estimates of the pseudorange corrections for each satellite signal observed by the reference receivers .the central processing facility also monitors the signal integrity and computes parameters for each satellite that the user may use to determine the availability of the signal in space for a desired level of service and a given satellite geometry . 2609.the differential corrections and integrity information are broadcast to the user exemple 336 ground based augmentation systems.ground based augmentation systems.

The term 'abas' signifies ?

Question 188-14 : Airborne based augmentation systems aerial broadcast application systems airborne based augmentation safety airborne based application standards

.from the easa 'detailed theoretical knowledge syllabus and learning objectives' 'abas' means airborne based augmentation systems exemple 340 airborne based augmentation systems.airborne based augmentation systems.

The system capable to measure on ground the signal errors transmitted by gnss ?

Question 188-15 : Gbas sbas abas tbas

.the gbas ground segment consists of three or four gbas reference receivers that are sited typically on or near an airport property these reference receivers track the signals from navigation satellites and pass pseudorange measurements and other information relevant to signal health and system performance monitoring to a central processing facility .the central processing facility uses the multiple redundant observations of the pseudoranges to compute estimates of the pseudorange corrections for each satellite signal observed by the reference receivers .the central processing facility also monitors the signal integrity and computes parameters for each satellite that the user may use to determine the availability of the signal in space for a desired level of service and a given satellite geometry . 2609.the differential corrections and integrity information are broadcast to the user exemple 344 gbas.gbas.

A sbas satellite based augmentation systems consists of ?

Question 188-16 : 3 elements 2 elements 1 element 4 elements

.3 elements ground infrastructure sbas satellites and sbas airborne receivers exemple 348 3 elements.3 elements.

Frequency band of the sbas data link is ?

Question 188-17 : A signal with the same frequency as gps vhf band of ils and vor systems 962 to 1213 mhz vhf band 108 0 to 111 975 mhz

.sbas = same frequency.the frequency band of the data link is identical to that of the gps signals l1 frequency 1575 42 mhz.take care another question asks for the 'gbas data link frequency band' the answer is vhf band of ils and vor systems exemple 352 a signal with the same frequency as gps.a signal with the same frequency as gps.

Sbas systems improve the performance position accuracy of gnss/gps receivers by ?

Question 188-18 : Providing an additional signals coming from the geostationary satellites providing an additional signals coming from the navigation satellites providing an additional signals to gps receivers reducing the clock errors

.geostationary sbas satellite based augmentation systems satellites broadcast corrections to the standard data broadcast by gps geo orbital satellites in order to improve the accuracy of the solution obtained from the raw gps data the gps solution obtained from the broadcast gps data using a single frequency receiver will typically have an accuracy within about 3 to 5 meters most of the time using sbas corrections this accuracy can be improved to around the 1 meter mark in typical operation .corrections are calculated using a network of accurately surveyed ground based monitoring systems uploaded to the sbas satellites via ground uplink stations and then broadcast by the sbas satellites on the standard 1575 42mhz gps l1 frequency .current sbas system implementations providing freely available broadcast data are the us wide area augmentation system waas the european geostationary navigation overlay service egnos and the japanese multi functional satellite based augmentation service msbas .messages are transmitted from satellites as subframe messages in the same way as navigational data is received from standard gps satellites exemple 356 providing an additional signals coming from the geostationary satellites.providing an additional signals coming from the geostationary satellites.

Egnos european geostationary navigation overlay service is a ?

Question 188-19 : Satellite based augmentation systems sbas airborne based augmentation systems abas ground based augmentation systems local area augmentation system laas

.satellite based augmentation systems sbas is sometimes called wide area differential gps wadgps exemple 360 satellite-based augmentation systems (sbas).satellite-based augmentation systems (sbas).

Sbas messages are broadcast via ?

Question 188-20 : Geostationary satellites low earth orbit satellites polar orbit satellites medium earth orbit satellites

exemple 364 geostationary satellites.geostationary satellites.

The system capable to measure on the ground the signal errors transmitted by ?

Question 188-21 : Sbas gbas abas rbas

. the principle of a sbas to measure on the ground the signal errors transmitted by gnss satellites and transmit differential corrections and integrity messages for navigation satellites. the principle of a gbas to mesure on ground the signal errors transmitted by gnss satellites and relay the mesured errors to the user for correction exemple 368 sbas.sbas.

A ground based augmentation system gbas supports all phases of approach landing ?

Question 188-22 : 30 km 100 km 10 km 60 km

exemple 372 30 km.30 km.

Frequency band of the gbas data link is ?

Question 188-23 : Vhf band of ils and vor systems a signal with the same frequency as gps vhf band 108 0 111 975 mhz uhf band between 960 1215 mhz

.gbas is sometimes referred to as laas local area augmentation system laas vhf signal is typically supplied to the aircraft by datalink on the ils/vor frequency band 108 to 118 mhz exemple 376 vhf band of ils and vor systems.vhf band of ils and vor systems.

Gbas ground subsystems provide two services the precision approach service and ?

Question 188-24 : Deviation guidance for final approach segments horizontal position information to support rnav operations deviation guidance for going around segment horizontal position information on ground

.gbas ground sub systems are intended to provide a precision approach service and optionally they may also provide a gbas positioning service .the precision approach service is intended to provide deviation guidance for final approach segments while the gbas positioning service provides horizontal position information to support two dimensional 2d rnav operations in terminal areas .a ground station at the airport broadcasts locally relevant corrections integrity parameters and approach data to aircraft in the terminal area in the 108 117 975 mhz band exemple 380 deviation guidance for final approach segments.deviation guidance for final approach segments.

Gbas ground subsystems provide two services the precision approach service and ?

Question 188-25 : Horizontal position information to support rnav operations in terminal areas deviation guidance for final approach segments horizontal position information for initial segment deviation guidance for en route segment

.a ground based augmentation system gbas is an augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation information directly from a ground based transmitter .gbas is intended to support all types of approach landing departure and surface operations and may support en route and terminal operations exemple 384 horizontal position information to support rnav operations in terminal areas.horizontal position information to support rnav operations in terminal areas.

Minimum ground based augmentation system gbas plan coverage is ?

Question 188-26 : 15 nm from the landing threshold point within 35° apart the final approach path and 10° apart between 15 and 20 nm 25 nm from the landing threshold point within 35° apart the final approach path and 10° apart between 25 and 30 nm 15 nm from the landing threshold point within 45° apart the final approach path and 20° apart between 15 and 20 nm 25 nm from the landing threshold point within 45° apart the final approach path and 20° apart between 25 and 30 nm

.a ground based augmentation system gbas is an augmentation system in which the user receives augmentation informationdirectly from a ground based transmitter.annex 10 aeronautical telecommunications .category i precision approach and approach with vertical guidance .the gbas coverage to support each category i precision approach or approach with vertical guidance shall be as follows except where topographical features dictate and operational requirements permit.a laterally beginning at 140 m 450 ft each side of the landing threshold point/fictitious threshold point ltp/ftp and projecting out ±35 degrees either side of the final approach path to 28 km 15 nm and ±10 degrees either side of the final approach path to 37 km 20 nm . 2610 exemple 388 15 nm from the landing threshold point within 35° apart the final approach path and 10° apart between 15 and 20 nm.15 nm from the landing threshold point within 35° apart the final approach path and 10° apart between 15 and 20 nm.

The vdb vhf data broadcast broadcasts the gbas signal within its coverage area ?

Question 188-27 : Error correction data integrity data and approach data for one or more runways integrity data and approach data for one runway error correction data integrity data and approach data for one runway error correction data and integrity data

.one ground station can support all the aircraft subsystems within its coverage providing the aircraft with approach data corrections and integrity information for gnss satellites in view via a vhf data broadcast vdb exemple 392 error correction data, integrity data and approach data for one or more runways.error correction data, integrity data and approach data for one or more runways.

Which statement is correct about the sbas satellite based augmentation systems ?

Question 188-28 : In an sbas the pseudo range corrections are sent to the users by geostationary satellites in an sbas the pseudo range correction are sent to the users by the satellite of the satellite systems e g by gps satellites for gps in an sbas the pseudo range correction are determined by geostationary satellites and sent to the users by the satellites of the satellite system e g by gps satellites for gps in an sbas the pseudo range correction are determined by geostationary satellites and sent to the users by a network of ground station

.a gps based sbas uses satellites to transmit corrections to users the pseudo range measurements to these geostationary satellites can be made as they also transmit a valid gps navigation message on the gps frequency .sbas station network measures the pseudo range between the ranging source and an sbas receiver at the known locations and provides separate corrections for ranging source ephemeris errors clock errors and ionospheric errors the user applies corrections for tropospheric delay exemple 396 in an sbas the pseudo-range corrections are sent to the users by geostationary satellites.in an sbas the pseudo-range corrections are sent to the users by geostationary satellites.

Which statement is correct about glonass/navstar gps/galileo ?

Question 188-29 : All three systems use time measurement to determine a position they are all using the same frequencies to permit a single receiver to work all three systems for position fixing they are all based on the wgs84 ellipsoid they are all reach their degree of accuracy in polar areas

.they are refering to time measurement they are not using same frequencies moreover 2 bands for glonass and navstar 3 bands for galilieo.glonass .each satellite transmits navigation signals on two frequencies of l band l1 1 6 ghz and l2 1 2 ghz.gps .each satellite broadcasts ranging signals on two uhf frequencies l1 1575 42 mhz and l2 1227 6 mhz.gallileo .signals will be transmitted in three frequency bands 1164 1215 mhz 1260 1300 mhz and 1559 1591 mhz 1559 1591 mhz will be shared with gps on a non interference basis exemple 400 all three systems use time measurement to determine a position.all three systems use time measurement to determine a position.

Gps time can be converted to utc by application of the ?

Question 188-30 : Utc parameters sent in the navigation message fixed rule correction given by atomic clocks time correction filtering formula

. utc parameters are factors determining the difference between gps time and utc exemple 404 utc parameters sent in the navigation message.utc parameters sent in the navigation message.

Utc parameters is the difference between ?

Question 188-31 : Gps time and utc gmt and utc satellite time and utc receiver time and utc

. utc parameters are factors determining the difference between gps time and utc exemple 408 gps time and utc.gps time and utc.

Errors in gps satellites orbits are due to ?

Question 188-32 : The solar wind and gravitation of sun moon and planets earth and lunar precession the lunar wind and gravitation of earth moon and stars solar and lunar precession

.gps satellites are required to follow orbital paths in order to provide accurate timing signals they are subject to interference in the same way as any other satellite from a number of sources these including solar winds plus gravitational effect of other bodies such as the sun moon and planets exemple 412 the solar wind and gravitation of sun, moon and planets.the solar wind and gravitation of sun, moon and planets.

When a gps receiver is using barometric altitude as an augmentation to raim ?

Question 188-33 : The number of satellites to perform raim function may be reduced by one failure reporting time will be reduced the accuracy of displaced position will be greatly enhanced better correction for ionospheric delay will be available

.raim receiver autonomous integrity monitoring is technique whereby a receiver processor determines the integrity of the navigation signals.raim is achieved by consistency check among pseudo range measurements it requires 5 satellites and a 6th is for isolating a faulty satellite from the navigation solution.if gps receiver uses barometric altitude as an augmentation to raim the number of satellites needed for the receiver to perform the raim function may be reduced by one exemple 416 the number of satellites to perform raim function may be reduced by one.the number of satellites to perform raim function may be reduced by one.

Assume that one of the gps/navstar satellites used by the receiver is faulty ?

Question 188-34 : Able to detect that one satellite that is faulty and identify which one not active software needs 8 satellites to function correctly unable to identify the faulty satellite able to detect that one satellite that is faulty but is unable to identify it

.raim receiver autonomous integrity monitoring is a technique whereby a receiver processor determines the integrity of the navigation signals raim is achieved by consistency check among pseudo range measurements .the basic raim requires 5 satellites but a 6th is necessary for isolating a faulty satellite from the navigation solution.the position dilution of precision pdop is the geometric effect resulting from satellites being too close together satellites that appear farther apart in the sky provide a more accurate position solution than ones close together in the latter case the position accuracy is degraded in a similar fashion to when position lines from ground based navaids navigational aids are less than 45° since the ephemeris of each satellite is known by the gps global positioning system receiver it is possible to calculate which combination of gps satellites provides the best geometry at a given time this is translated into a figure called the position dilution of precision pdop since the satellites move across the sky relative to the user the pdop is always changing a low pdop is better a pdop of 4 to 6 is considered good position solutions calculated when the pdop is from 6 to 10 should be used cautiously because they may have significant error a pdop that is above 10 indicates unacceptable error . 2611.the icao international civil aviation organization states that a pdop of less than 6 is required for en route navigation with a pdop of 3 or less required for nonprecision approaches i e not ils types exemple 420 able to detect that one satellite that is faulty and identify which one.able to detect that one satellite that is faulty and identify which one.

How long does it take a glonass satellite to orbit the earth ?

Question 188-35 : 11 hours 15 minutes 12 hours 24 hours 1 hour 10 minutes

. glonass constellation . 24 satellites in three orbital planes with 8 equally displaced by 45° of latitude. a near circular orbit at 19 100 km at an inclination of 64 8° to the equator 20200 km and 55° for gps/navstar satellites . each orbit is completed in 11 hours 15 minutes approximately 12 hours for navstar/gps exemple 424 11 hours 15 minutes.11 hours 15 minutes.

Using gps the primary position information is in the form of ?

Question 188-36 : Spheres with the satellites in the centre of the spheres spheres with the airplane in the centre of the spheres bearing and distance from the satellites three dimensional position with earth's centre as reference

exemple 428 spheres, with the satellites in the centre of the spheres.spheres, with the satellites in the centre of the spheres.

Which statement about satellite based augmentation system sbas is correct ?

Question 188-37 : The use of sbas improves both the accuracy and the integrity of the position of the user the use of sbas improves the accuracy of the position of the user but not improves the integrity the use of sbas improves neither the integrity nor the position of the user but augments both the number satellite available the use of sbas improves the integrity of the position of the user but not improves the accuracy

. the principle of a sbas to measure on the ground the signal errors transmitted by gnss satellites and transmit differential corrections and integrity messages for navigation satellites exemple 432 the use of sbas improves both the accuracy and the integrity of the position of the user.the use of sbas improves both the accuracy and the integrity of the position of the user.

Which of the following is not improved by the application of differential gps ?

Question 188-38 : Multi path effects selective availability tropospheric delays satellite clock error

exemple 436 multi-path effects.multi-path effects.

In egnos and waas systems the correction for an aeroplane's gnss receiver are ?

Question 188-39 : Via geostationary satellite from the monitor stations via the gnss constellation by the wide area master station

.the geostationary satellite receives the data and transmits it on a broadcast to all users receivers the broadcast is on the gps l1 frequency modulated with a c/a code that is of the same category as the gps c/a codes uses the same time basis this can be used to augment the signals from the navigation satellites exemple 440 via geostationary satellite.via geostationary satellite.

Which of the following statements about the accuracy that can be obtained with ?

Question 188-40 : The closer the receiver is to a laas ground reference station the more accurate is the aircraft position fix a laas corrects the position of the aircraft by relaying the information via geostationary satellite the increase in accuracy of position fixes is independent of the aircraft position in relation to the laas ground reference station a laas cannot correct for satellite timing and orbital position error

.laas local area augmentation system is sometimes called gbas ground based augmentation systems exemple 444 the closer the receiver is to a laas ground reference station, the more accurate is the aircraft position fix.the closer the receiver is to a laas ground reference station, the more accurate is the aircraft position fix.

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