When a dme is associated with an mls the delay is .1 50 microseconds for mode ? [ Question security ]

Question 185-1 : 1 and 3 1 and 4 2 and 3 3 and 4

exemple 285 1 and 3. — Ecqb04 november 2017 1 and 3.

In tracking mode the airborne dme interrogates with a recurrence frequency ?

Question 185-2 : Variable from 5 to 25 times per second fixed according to the distance between 5 and 25 times per second of 2700 times per second of 150 times per second

exemple 289 Variable from 5 to 25 times per second. — Variable from 5 to 25 times per second.

A vor station automatically stops transmitting if a variation in the ?

Question 185-3 : 1° 2° 1 5° 0 5°

exemple 293 1°. — Ecqb04 november 2017 1°.

Dvor is less sensitive to site errors than cvor because of the ?

Question 185-4 : Relatively large antenna of dvor compared to cvor relatively small antenna of dvor compared to cvor

exemple 297 Relatively large antenna of dvor (compared to cvor). — Ecqb04 november 2017 ..sorry unable to write down all the answers from the paper exam Relatively large antenna of dvor (compared to cvor).

The difference between a cvor and a dvor indicates that dvor is more accurate ?

Question 185-5 : It is less sensitive to errors generated by the environment buildings hills the reference signal is 50 hz instead of 30 hz one is modulated in frequency the other in phase it has a monitoring system

exemple 301 It is less sensitive to errors generated by the environment (buildings, hills). — It is less sensitive to errors generated by the environment (buildings, hills).

The pulse p2 of an interrogation in a/c mode has the function ?

Question 185-6 : Of avoiding responses of aircraft located in the direction of the side lobes of the antenna of the interrogator of avoiding garbling if two aircraft in the same direction from the interrogator and at a distance of less than 1 7 nm of determining the interrogation mode of avoiding 'fruiting' is an aircraft is interrogated by more than one secondary radar

exemple 305 Of avoiding responses of aircraft located in the direction of the side lobes of the antenna of the interrogator. — Of avoiding responses of aircraft located in the direction of the side lobes of the antenna of the interrogator.

A transponder receives a p2 pulse which is larger than that of the p1 and p3 ?

Question 185-7 : Transponder transmissions will be suppressed for a short time the transmitting station is out of order transponder transmission will be increased the pulses p1 and p3 will be strengthened to reach the same level

exemple 309 Transponder transmissions will be suppressed for a short time. — Transponder transmissions will be suppressed for a short time.

The integrity of a vor system is improved by ?

Question 185-8 : An automatic ground monitoring system test vor vot beacons on airports areas at least two independent airborne vor receivers one autonomous airborne monitoring receiver

exemple 313 An automatic ground monitoring system. — An automatic ground monitoring system.

The controller of a vdf ground station pass you the following message .'your ?

Question 185-9 : Qte accurate to a range within ± 2° qdr accurate to a range within ± 2° quj accurate to a range within ± 3° qte accurate to a range within ± 5°

exemple 317 Qte accurate to a range within ± 2°. — Admin .bravo nice and very interesting question from the easa there's nothing more to say than that . 2559 .qte the true bearing from the station .quj the true bearing to the station .qdr the magnetic bearing from the station .qdm the magnetic bearing to the station .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c Qte accurate to a range within ± 2°.

Which of the following is the correct class and accuracy for a vdf direction ?

Question 185-10 : Class a ± 2° class a ± 10° class c ± 2° class d ± 5°

exemple 321 Class a ± 2°. — Admin . 2604.they should take a break at the easa offices .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c Class a ± 2°.

An aircraft is inbound to vor x on the 073° radial and experiences a drift of ?

Question 185-11 : Heading 265° x pointer 253° y pointer 313° heading 085° x pointer 073° y pointer 133° heading 265° x pointer 073° y pointer 313° heading 085° x pointer 253° y pointer 133°

exemple 325 Heading 265°, x pointer 253°, y pointer 313°. — Heading 265°, x pointer 253°, y pointer 313°.

In the case where a dme station is subjected to more than 100 interrogations ?

Question 185-12 : Those who have the lowest transmission the closest the most distant those over 200 nm

exemple 329 Those who have the lowest transmission. — Admin .a typical dme transponder can provide distance information to 100 aircraft at a time above this limit the transponder avoids overload by limiting the gain of the receiver replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower the transponder load .dme can be used by 300 users at one time the technical term of the dme station when its overloaded and cannot accept more than 100 aircraft is called 'station or beacon saturation' Those who have the lowest transmission.

In the case where a dme station is subjected to more than 100 interrogations ?

Question 185-13 : Those who have the most powerful transmission the closest the most distant those over 200 nm

exemple 333 Those who have the most powerful transmission. — Admin .a typical dme transponder can provide distance information to 100 aircraft at a time above this limit the transponder avoids overload by limiting the gain of the receiver replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower the transponder load .dme can be used by 300 users at one time the technical term of the dme station when its overloaded and cannot accept more than 100 aircraft is called 'station or beacon saturation' Those who have the most powerful transmission.

What is the reason that a dme station can generally respond to a maximum of 100 ?

Question 185-14 : The number of reply pulse pairs per second that a dme transponder can transmit is limited to a certain maximum value the minimum allowable accuracy of the range measurement can not be guaranteed when more than 100 aircraft use the same dme station the memory of the dme transponder which is limited in size the automatic tracking ground station of each dme station that has limited capacity

exemple 337 The number of reply pulse pairs per second that a dme transponder can transmit is limited to a certain maximum value. — The number of reply pulse pairs per second that a dme transponder can transmit is limited to a certain maximum value.

Which entrance sectors should you use to enter a dme arc holding pattern ?

Question 185-15 : Sector 1 or 3 sector 1 or 2 sector 1 2 or 3 sector 2 or 3

exemple 341 Sector 1 or 3. — Admin .icao doc816 dme arc entry at the fix the aircraft shall enter the holding pattern in accordance with either the sector 1 or sector 3 entry procedure .sector 2 is on the dme arc which is why it is not in the allowed sectors to enter the holding pattern at the beginning of the dme arc .sector 1 procedure parallel entry.sector 2 procedure offset entry.sector 3 procedure direct entry Sector 1 or 3.

A direction finding station working alone should give the following as requested ?

Question 185-16 : Magnetic and true bearing to the station magnetic and true heading for the station true bearing to the station magnetic and true heading for the station true bearing to the station true heading for the station true bearing to the station

exemple 345 Magnetic and true bearing to the station, magnetic and true heading for the station. — Ecqb04 november 2017 ..a direction finding station working alone should give the following as requested .1 true bearing of the aircraft .2 true heading to be steered by the aircraft with no wind to head for the station .3 magnetic bearing of the aircraft .4 magnetic heading to be steered by the aircraft with no wind to make for the station Magnetic and true bearing to the station, magnetic and true heading for the station.

In vdf service the report 'qdr 235° class c' means ?

Question 185-17 : The magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235° ± 10° the magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the station is 235° ± 10° the true bearing from the aircraft to the station is 235 ± 10° the magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235 ± 15°

exemple 349 The magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235° ± 10°. — Ecqb04 november 2017 .. /com en/head explode gif.they should take a break at the easa offices .qte the true bearing from the station .quj the true bearing to the station .qdr the magnetic bearing from the station .qdm the magnetic bearing to the station .vdf information is divided into the following classes according to icao annex 10 . class a accurate to a range within ± 2° . class b accurate to a range within ± 5° . class c accurate to a range within ± 10° . class d accurate to less than class c The magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft is 235° ± 10°.

The sensitive area of an ils is the area vehicles or taxiing aircraft may not ?

Question 185-18 : Category ii/iii ils operations are in progress category i ils operations are in progress the ils is undergoing calibration ils operations are in progress

exemple 353 Category ii/iii ils operations are in progress. — The ils critical area is an area of defined dimensions about the localizer and glide path antennas where vehicles including aircraft are excluded during all ils operations .the critical area is protected because the presence of vehicles and/or aircraft inside its boundaries will cause unacceptable disturbance to the ils signal in space .the ils sensitive area is an area extending beyond the critical area where the parking and/or movement of vehicles including aircraft is controlled to prevent the possibility of unacceptable interference to the ils signal during ils operations .the sensitive area is protected against interference caused by large moving objects outside the critical area but still normally within the airfield boundary .critical areas must be protected to all times while ils sensitive areas should be kept clear during cat ii or cat iii operations .airplane must stop taxing at the rwy cat ii or cat iii holding points Category ii/iii ils operations are in progress.

You are flying along an airway which is 10 nm wide 5 nm either side of the ?

Question 185-19 : 1 5 4 5 3 0 6 0

exemple 357 1.5 — Refer to figure .as seen in the figure the aircraft is on the airway boundary which is 5 nm form the intended course the cdi therefore will show a deflection to the right since the selected course will be directly inbound to the station the distance that dme shows 100 nm which should be the hypotenuse but for the such distance we can approximate that the distance from the airway is the same to calculate the angle of deflection the aircraft has relative to the intended course we can use the following formulae .tangent correction angle = distance off intended track / distance to go = 5nm / 100nm = 0 05tan 1 0 05 = 2 86° = 3°if one dot represents 2° then 3° will be equal to 1 dot2° 3° = 3° x 1 dot / 2° = 1 5 dots1 60 solution .• track error angle = dist off track × 60 ÷ dist along track.• tea = 5 nm × 60 ÷ 100 nm.• tea = 3°if one dot represents 2° then 3° will be equal to 1 5 dots 1.5

If an aircraft flies along a vor radial it will follow a ?

Question 185-20 : Great circle track rhumb line track constant magnetic track line of constant bearing

exemple 361 Great circle track — Refer to figure .a radial is a magnetic bearing extending from a vor station radials move along the compass rose in all directions radials follow the curvature of the earth just like great circle tracks as seen in the figure great circle tracks run across the earth’s surface following the curvature of the earth the rhumb line is used for planning a flight on a 2d map .the great circle track marks the shortest distance between 2 points which is useful for navigation purposes due to convergency usually the track changes along the great circle the equator and all the meridians longitudes that run vertically across the earth any circle that is not a great circle is called a small circle also known as parallel of latitudes Great circle track

Locators are .1 high powered ndbs used for en route and airways navigation . .2 ?

Question 185-21 : 2 and 4 1 and 4 2 and 3 1 and 3

exemple 365 2 and 4. — Ndbs used for aviation are standardised by icao annex 10 which specifies that ndbs be operated on a frequency between 190 khz and 1750 khz each ndb is identified by a one two or three letter morse code callsign .non directional beacons in are classified by power output 'low' power rating is less than 50 watts 'medium' from 50 w to 2 000 w and 'high' at more than 2 000 w 2 .there are four types of non directional beacons in the aeronautical navigation service .. . en route ndbs used to mark airways. . . approach ndbs. . . localizer beacons. . . locator beacons. ..the last two types are used in conjunction with an instrument landing system ils .locator beacons are low powered beacons with a range between 10 to 25 nm maximum 2 and 4.

An aircraft is flying at fl 240 the dme reading uncorrected for altitude is 8 ?

Question 185-22 : 7 0 nm 7 3 nm 7 5 nm 6 5 nm

exemple 369 7.0 nm — Refer to figure .distance measuring equipment dme is a navigation beacon that can indicate the aircraft’s position relative to the beacon aircraft send out a signal which is sent back by the dme ground equipment based on the delay of receiving the signal back the aircraft can calculate the relative distance to the dme ground equipment .as seen in the figure the aircraft is at an altitude of 24 000 feet fl240 .the slant range from the aircraft to the dme is 8 nm .by calculating the ground distance from the aircraft to the dme station convert the following 24 000 feet into nautical miles .use the following table .. . . 1 nm. 6080 ft . . . . 24 000 ft . . .. = 24 000 ft x1 nm / 6080 ft = 3 95 nm. .using the abc formulae the following can be calculated .a² + b² = c².knowing that .a = 3 95 nm.b = .c = 8 nm.rewriting the formulae gives the following .b² = c² a².b² = 8 ² 3 95 ².b² = 48 4.b = 48 4 = 6 95 nm = 7 nm 7.0 nm

What is the minimum level isa conditions that an aircraft at a range of 111 nm ?

Question 185-23 : Fl60 fl100 fl80 fl50

exemple 373 Fl60 — A vdf facility is an abbreviation for very high frequency vhf direction finding .using this will give the pilot a determination of his current position .the formulae used to calculate the range of these radio waves is as follows .maximum theoretical range in nm = = 1 23 x h3 + 1 23 x h4.h3 = the height in feet of the transmitter above mean sea level msl .h4 = the height in feet of the receiver above mean sea level msl .rewriting the formulae gives the following .1 23 x h3 = range – 1 23 x h4.h3 = range 1 23 x h4 / 1 23 ².knowing that .range = 111 nm.h4 = 169 ft.filling in the formulae gives the following .h3 = 111 nm 1 23 x 169 / 1 23 ² = 5966 ft = fl60 Fl60

To determine the vor radial the aircraft vor receiver… ?

Question 185-24 : Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase signals uses pulse techniques measures the time difference between sending the interrogation signal and receiving the transponder signal measures the time difference between reception of the two signals transmitted by the ground installation

exemple 377 Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase signals. — A vhf omni directional range vor is used as a navigation beacon for aircraft aircraft with a receiving unit will be able to determine their position relative to the vor beacon the frequency of vor’s appear in the very high frequency vhf range from 108 00 to 117 95 mhz .a vor ground station sends a highly directional signal by making use of a so called phased array antenna together with this signal the vor sends a 30 hz reference signal which is equal in all direction the phase difference between the reference signal and the highly directional signal is the bearing from the vor station relative to magnetic north .a vor receiver works by comparing the phase relationship between a reference signal and a variable signal Measures the phase difference between the reference phase and the variable phase signals.

Which of the following correctly describes the instrument landing system ils ?

Question 185-25 : Two overlapping lobes on the same vhf carrier frequency two overlapping lobes on the same uhf carrier frequency two overlapping lobes on different radio carrier frequencies but with the same modulation a pencil beam comprising a series of smaller beams each carrying a different modulation

exemple 381 Two overlapping lobes on the same vhf carrier frequency — Refer to figure .as seen in the figure the instrument landing system ils consists of 2 parts the localizer and the glideslope the localizer takes care of the horizontal guidance for the runway centreline it works on the transmitting receiving principle the glideslope is the ideal path towards the runway two signals are transmitted on one of the 40 different ils channels available one signal is modulated at 90 hz and the other signal is modulated at 150 hz localizer carrier frequencies range between 108 10 mhz and 111 95 mhz this automatically puts the ils in the very high frequency vhf range as seen below frequency namefrequencyapplicationvery low frequency vlf 3 30 khznillow frequency lf 30 300 khzndb/adfmedium frequency mf 300 3000 khzndb/adf long range communicationshigh frequency hf 3 30 mhzlong range communicationsvery high frequency vhf 30 300 mhzshort range communication vdf vor ils localizer marker beaconsultra high frequency uhf 300 3000 mhzils glide path dme ssr satelite communications gnss long range radarssuper high frequency shf 3 30 ghzradalt awr mls short range radarsextremely high frequency ehf 30 300 ghznil Two overlapping lobes on the same vhf carrier frequency

The middle marker of an instrument landing system ils facility is identified ?

Question 185-26 : Alternate dots and dashes and an amber light flashing dashes and an amber light flashing two dashes per second and a blue light flashing dots and a white light flashing

exemple 385 Alternate dots and dashes and an amber light flashing — Refer to figure .there are three types of markers usually installed as part of a instrument landing system .outer marker .this marker normally indicates the final approach fix faf it is located between 4 and 7 nm from the runway threshold on the same course as the localizer when passing the outer marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series of 400 hz accompanied with a flashing blue light in a continuous series of 2 second dashes .middle marker .this marker normally indicates the cat i missed approach point and it is positioned between 0 5 and 0 8 nm from the runway threshold when passing the middle marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series at 1300 hz accompanied with a flashing amber light in an alternating dots and dashes sequence .inner marker .this marker normally indicates the passing of the runway threshold when passing the inner marker the pilot receives an audio tone in continues series of 3000 hz accompanied with a flashing white light in a dots sequence Alternate dots and dashes and an amber light flashing

The mls frequencies and available channels are ?

Question 185-27 : In the shf band 300 khz frequency separation giving 200 available channels in the shf band for the mls elements and the vhf band for the dme 100 available channels in the range 5060 – 5090 mhz 200 khz separation giving 150 available channels in the vhf and uhf band 40 available channels

exemple 389 In the shf band, 300 khz frequency separation giving 200 available channels. — The microwave landing system mls was designed to replace ils with an advanced precision approach system that would overcome the disadvantages of ils and also provide greater flexibility to its users however there are few mls installations in use at present and they are likely to co exist with ils for a long time mls is a precision approach and landing system that provides position information and various ground to air data the position information is provided in a wide coverage sector and is determined by an azimuth angle measurement an elevation measurement and a range measurement .the microwave landing system mls has the following features .. . there are 200 channels available worldwide . . . the azimuth coverage is at least ± 40° of the runway on course line qdm and glideslopes from 9° to 20° can be selected the usable range is 20 30 nm from the mls site 20nm in the uk . . . there is no problem with back course transmissions a secondary system is provided to give overshoot and departure guidance ± 20° of runway direction up to 15° in elevation to a range of 10 nm and a height of 10 000 ft . . . it operates in the shf band 5031 5090 mhz this enables it to be sited in hilly areas without having to level the site course deviation errors bending of the localiser and glidepath caused by aircraft vehicles and buildings are no longer a problem because the mls scanning beam can be interrupted and therefore avoids the reflections In the shf band, 300 khz frequency separation giving 200 available channels.

An aircraft is 'homing' to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing ?

Question 185-28 : Right drift zero drift left drift a wind from the west

exemple 393 Right drift — Refer to figure .when an aircraft is homing to for example to a vor station it means that the aircraft flies the most direct heading to reach the station important to know is that heading does not take into account the wind the lateral displacement an aircraft is experiencing due to the wind is called drift .as seen in the figure the aircraft is homing to the vor station on heading 360 however this is the heading needed to fly directly to the station without taking into account the experienced drift the direction of drift depends on the direction of the wind to correct for the drift angle a wind correction angle is needed the wind correction is always against the wind so left wind left wind correction angle right wind right wind correction angle .as general rule .when the aircraft experiences right drift meaning a wind from the left the track will be heading + drift angle.when the aircraft experiences left drift meaning a wind from the right the track will be heading – drift angle.if heading 360 is selected but the track indicates heading 010 the aircraft will not reach the station when the aircraft magnetic heading decreases meaning the heading will become less than 360 the airplane is correcting for right drift as seen as the red dotted line in the figure Right drift

Which one of the following disturbances is most likely to cause the greatest ?

Question 185-29 : Local thunderstorm activity coastal effect precipitation interference quadrantal error

exemple 397 Local thunderstorm activity — Thunderstorms can have very powerful discharges of static electricity across the electromagnetic spectrum including in low frequency lf and medium frequency mf these discharges cause the most severe errors in ndb/adf .a static discharge in a cumulonimbus cloud cb can be heard as a loud crackle on the audio and the needle will move rapidly to the source of the cb if there are several active thunderstorms in the area the needle might point to them for a longer period Local thunderstorm activity

Of what use if any is a military tacan station to civil aviation ?

Question 185-30 : It can provide dme range it is of no use to civil aviation it can provide a dme distance and magnetic bearing it can provide a magnetic bearing

exemple 401 It can provide dme range. — Learning objective 062 02 04 01 08 state that military uhf tactical air navigation aid tacan stations may be used for dme information .tacans are military radio aids that can be used by military aircraft with the correct receiver fitted they can give distance and radial information similar to a vor/dme installation can civilian aircraft are limited and can use the distance function the same as using a dme but cannot receive the radial information It can provide dme range.

Which of the following is an ils localiser frequency ?

Question 185-31 : 109 15 mhz 112 10 mhz 110 20 mhz 108 25 mhz

exemple 405 109.15 mhz — The ils localizer frequency appear in the very high frequency vhf ranging between 108 10 and 111 95 mhz only the frequencies that start with the odd decimals are used specifically as localizer frequencies for example 108 10 108 15 108 30 108 35 etc .the only correct answer for this question can be the frequency between 108 10 and 111 95 mhz which has an odd decimal number so in this case 109 15 mhz . continues on next page .. . . frequency name. frequency. application. . . very low frequency vlf . 3 30 khz. nil. . . low frequency lf . 30 300 khz. ndb/adf. . . medium frequency mf . 300 3000 khz. ndb/adf long range communications. . . high frequency hf . 3 30 mhz. long range communications. . . very high frequency vhf . 30 300 mhz. short range communication vdf vor ils localizer marker beacons. . . ultra high frequency uhf . 300 3000 mhz. ils glide path dme ssr satelite communications gnss long range radars. . . super high frequency shf . 3 30 ghz. radalt awr mls short range radars. . . extremely high frequency ehf . 30 300 ghz. nil 109.15 mhz

An ndb transmits a signal pattern in the horizontal plane which is ?

Question 185-32 : Omnidirectional a cardioid balanced at 30 hz a beam rotating at 30 hz bi lobal circular

exemple 409 Omnidirectional — Non directional beacon ndb .the ndb is a ground based transmitter operating in the mf or lf band widths and situated in a ground station that broadcasts signals in all directions omnidirectional which are received by the adf or automatic direction finder a standard instrument onboard aircraft Omnidirectional

A vor and an ndb are located in the same position both the vor and the adf ?

Question 185-33 : The direction of the adf pointer will change the direction of the vor pointer will not change the direction of the vor pointer will change the direction of the adf pointer will not change neither the direction of the adf pointer nor the direction of the vor pointer will change both the direction of the adf pointer and the direction of the vor pointer will change

exemple 413 The direction of the adf pointer will change, the direction of the vor pointer will not change. — There are significant differences in adf and vor systems . an automatic direction finding adf system uses a groundbased non directional beacon ndb that broadcasts an omnidirectional am signal that can be picked up by the aircraft’s adf system this way the ndb system can be located on the ground adf is a short/medium range navigation system operating between 190 and 1750 khz . a vhf omnidrectional range vor system works on the principle of phase difference in the two radio signals transmitted from the vor station one signal is omnidirectional while the other signal is a 360degrees variable radials vor operates in the range of 108 and 117 95 mhz .the big difference between adf and vor systems is the magnetic variation when ndb/adf is in use the magnetic variation will change at the aircraft instruments while using vor systems the magnetic variation will always happen at the station itself .when flying away from the station the radial at which the aircraft is flying will always be the same indication since it’s not changing at the aircraft the needle of the adf will show a variation magnetic variation as the aircraft moves away from the station The direction of the adf pointer will change, the direction of the vor pointer will not change.

Which of the following is correct regarding false beams on a glide path ?

Question 185-34 : False beams will only be found above the correct glide path false beams will only be found below the correct glide path false beams will only be found more than 10 degrees to the left or to the right of the localiser centreline false beams are only present when flying a back beam ils approach

exemple 417 False beams will only be found above the correct glide path. — Refer to figure .the glidepath works similar to the localizer except the glidepath operates in the ultra high frequency uhf instead of the very high frequency vhf band as seen in the figure there are 2 lobes on the glidepath one lobe at 90 hz which indicates that the aircraft is above the glidepath and one lobe at 150 hz which indicates that the aircraft is below the glidepath the centre is typically set to a 3° glidepath .despite the accuracy of the system there can be some sidelobes created these sidelobes are not as powerful as the main ones but can provide multiple false glideslopes above the main lobe false glideslopes will never be encountered when approaching the glidepath from below an indication of a false glidepath could be seen in the rate of descent if the rate of descent required is higher than stated in the charts for example 1500 fpm instead of 500 fpm the aircraft will be on a false glidepath the false glidepath is usually about twice the normal angle and the weaker side lobes may indicate up to 4 times the glide angle False beams will only be found above the correct glide path.

Which one of the following correctly lists the major ground based components of ?

Question 185-35 : Separate azimuth and elevation transmitters dme facility separate azimuth and elevation transmitters outer and middle marker beacons combined azimuth and elevation transmitter dme facility combined azimuth and elevation transmitter outer and inner marker beacons

exemple 421 Separate azimuth and elevation transmitters, dme facility — The microwave landing system mls is a precision radio guidance system that is used to guide the aircraft towards the runway the principle works the same as an instrument landing system ils it gives horizontal and vertical guidance to land in all weather conditions .the system consists of several different parts .. approach azimuth. back azimuth. elevation guidance. range guidance dmep . data communications Separate azimuth and elevation transmitters, dme facility

One of uses of the vdf service is providing aircraft with ?

Question 185-36 : Homing ground speed altitude heading

exemple 425 Homing. — The vhf direction finder vdf is a means of providing a pilot with the direction to fly towards a ground station a bearing the bearing can be used to ‘home’ towards the ground station or it can be used to identify the exact position of the aircraft by multiple bearings from other vdf facilities .a pilot may request a vdf bearing using the appropriate phrase of q code .the following q codes can be used .qdm = magnetic bearing to the station.qdr = magnetic bearing from the station.quj = true bearing to the station.qte = true bearing from the station Homing.

To provide a pilot with the position of the aircraft in the absence of radar ?

Question 185-37 : Two vdfs at different locations able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency three vdfs at different locations able to take simultaneous bearings on different frequencies one vdf able to take simultaneous bearings on different frequencies two co located vdfs able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency

Vdf vhf direction finding is a method of measuring the direction from which a vhf signal came it has been used for many decades now by ground stations and is particularly useful as the transmitting aircraft only needs a standard vhf radio to ask for a vdf bearing from a suitably equipped atsu this can give them ..qdm magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the station .qdr magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft .quj true bearing from the aircraft to the station .qte true bearing from the station to the aircraft ..with 2 suitable bearings from different ground stations there is enough information to calculate a location of an aircraft whether that is the pilot drawing on a chart and finding the location or the controllers on the ground using their system more bearings provide a more accurate location and the best bearings are where the lines cross at close to 90º this means that the two vdf ground stations are required that are not too close together .these days a computer system with access to multiple vdf aerials can perform a process called auto triangulation to find the exact location that a particular transmission was broadcast from this is most notably used by distress and diversion 121 5 mhz

Allocated frequencies for ndb are ?

Question 185-38 : 190 khz to 1750 khz 1900 khz to 17500 khz 1 90 khz to 17 50 khz 19 hz to 17500 hz

exemple 433 190 khz to 1750 khz. — An ndb or non directional beacon is a ground based low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms the ndb transmits an omni directional signal that is received by the adf or automatic direction finder a standard instrument onboard aircraft the pilot uses the adf to determine the direction to the ndb relative to the aircraft .to navigate using the adf the pilot enters the frequency of the ndb and the compass card or arrow on the adf will indicate the heading to the station the signal is transmitted on an uninterrupted 24/7 basis an audible morse code call sign of one or more letters or numbers is used to identify the ndb being received ndb’s used for aviation are standardized by icao the international civil aviation organization annex 10 which specifies that ndb be operated on a frequency between 190 to 1800 khz .the main components of an ndb ground station are the beacon transmitter antenna tuning unit and antenna typically ndbs have output power from 25 to 125 watts for reception up to approx 100 nm higher power systems from 500 to 1000 watts are used for longer range applications range depends on a number of factors such as output power antenna ground conductivity frequency site conditions latitude and the condition of the adf receiver 190 khz to 1750 khz.

Locators are ?

Question 185-39 : Lf/mf ndbs used as an aid for final approach beacons with a range of 10 to 250 nm low powered adfs used for airfield or runway approach high powered ndbs used for en route and airways navigation

exemple 437 Lf/mf ndbs used as an aid for final approach. — Locator beacons are low powered ndbs used for terminal procedures and approaches with useful ranges of between 10 and 25 nm ndbs are non directional beacons that transmit a simple carrier wave with a modulation to overlay the morse code identifier the adf automatic direction finder is the equipment in the cockpit which points a needle directly towards the ndb in question by finding out which direction the radio wave arrived from .ndbs operate between 190 and 1750 khz which spans both the lf low frequency 30 300 khz and mf medium frequency 300 3000 khz frequency bands Lf/mf ndbs used as an aid for final approach.

According to icao annex 10 a locator has a range of ?

Question 185-40 : 10 to 25 nm 75 to 250 nm 7 5 to 15 nm 75 to 150 nm

Refer to figure .the outer marker which normally identifies the final approach fix faf is often combined with a non directional beacon ndb which together creates the locator outer marker lom the lom is used as a navigational aid for the ils so that aircraft will be alerted when overflying it and offer the possibility to fly to it directly .as seen in the figure icao annex 10 states the following

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