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Question > security : Mls is primarily being installed at airports where ?

Question 180-1 : Ils encounters difficulties because of surrounding buildings and/or the terrain or interference from local music stations meteorological conditions are likely to cause ils ducting by super refraction the main approach paths lead over water topographical conditions preclude the installation of ils marker beacons

exemple 280 ils encounters difficulties because of surrounding buildings and/or the terrain or interference from local music stations.ils encounters difficulties because of surrounding buildings and/or the terrain or interference from local music stations.

The ils marker identified audibly by a series of dots 6 per second is the ?

Question 180-2 : Inner marker middle marker locator outer marker

exemple 284 inner marker.inner marker.

With regard to the range of ndb's and the accuracy of the bearings they provide ?

Question 180-3 : The range increases and the accuracy decreases the range decreases and the accuracy increases the range and the accuracy both increase the range and the accuracy both decrease

exemple 288 the range increases and the accuracy decreases.the range increases and the accuracy decreases.

Which statement is correct with respect to the range of an ndb ?

Question 180-4 : With propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land the range depends on the altitude of the aircraft during the night the range of an ndb will decrease due to the interference of the direct and earth reflected wave in order to double the range of an ndb the transmission power should be increased with a factor 16

.ndb signals follow the curvature of the earth so they can be received at much greater distances at lower altitudes a major advantage over vor .however ndb signals are also affected more by atmospheric conditions mountainous terrain coastal refraction and electrical storms particularly at long range exemple 292 with propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.with propagation over sea the range will be greater than the range with propagation over land.

Which statement is correct for homing towards an ndb in an area with constant ?

Question 180-5 : The relative bearing of the ndb should be kept 000° the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal in magnitude and sign to the experienced drift angle the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal in magnitude and sign to the applied wind correction angle the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal to the qdm

.if the pilot is flying directly to the station the bearing indicator points to 0° . 2593.relative bearing is the angle formed by the intersection of a line drawn through the centerline of the aircraft and a line drawn from the aircraft to the radio station this angle is always measured clockwise from the nose of the aircraft and is indicated directly by the pointer on the bearing indicator. pay attention a question looks similar but instead of 'homing' you have 'tracking' and it is different .homing you are following the adf needle direction you will drift you constantly change heading to reach the station.tracking you fly at constant course to reach the beacon you apply a wind correction angle exemple 296 the relative bearing of the ndb should be kept 000°.the relative bearing of the ndb should be kept 000°.

Which statement is correct for tracking towards an ndb in an area with constant ?

Question 180-6 : The relative bearing of the ndb should be equal in magnitude and sign to the experienced drift angle the relative bearing of the ndb should be kept 000° the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal in magnitude and sign to the applied wind correction angle the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal to the qdm

.relative bearing is the direction of the station expressed as an angle measured clockwise from the forward point of the longitudinal axis of an aircraft..in order to fly directly onto the station you must apply a drift except if it's headwind or tailwind.. /com en/com062 390 jpg.. pay attention the question 389 looks similar but instead of 'tracking' you have 'homing' and it is different .tracking you fly at constant course to reach the beacon you apply a wind correction angle..homing you are following the adf needle direction you will drift you constantly change heading to reach the station exemple 300 the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle.the relative bearing of the ndb should be equal (in magnitude and sign) to the experienced drift angle.

The dme line of position is a circle with radius at ?

Question 180-7 : The ground distance and centre the dme station the slant range and centre the dme station the ground distance and centre the aircraft the slant range and centre the aircraft

.dme line of position definition .a position line using dme is a circle with the station at its centre the distance measured by dme is slant range however the circle is at the ground distance and centre the dme station . 2590 exemple 304 the ground distance and centre the dme-station.the ground distance and centre the dme-station.

The localiser transmits in ?

Question 180-8 : The vhf band the uhf band the hf band both uhf and vhf bands

.vor operating frequencies vhf.localiser vhf.marker beacon vhf..dme operating frequencies uhf.glide slope uhf.gnss/gps uhf.l1 and l2 frequencies used by navstar/gps uhf..ils localiser and glide slope vhf and uhf bands..microwave landing system mls shf.airborne weather radars shf.locator lf/mf exemple 308 the vhf band.the vhf band.

What is the effect of fm broadcast stations that transmit on frequencies just ?

Question 180-9 : These transmissions may interfere with the ils localizer signal which may lead to erroneous localizer deviation indication these transmissions may interfere with the ils localizer and glide path signals which may lead to erroneous deviation indications these transmissions may activate the fm immune filter which results in the appearance of the localizer failure flag these transmissions may activate the fm immune filter which results in the appearance of the localizer and glide path failure flag

.fm broadcast stations that transmit on frequencies just below 108 mhz may lead to erroneous localizer deviation indication.this factor affecting range and accuracy of the ils localizer signal exemple 312 these transmissions may interfere with the ils localizer signal which may lead to erroneous localizer deviation indication.these transmissions may interfere with the ils localizer signal which may lead to erroneous localizer deviation indication.

What is the function of a fm immune filter ?

Question 180-10 : To make the ils localizer receiver less susceptible to interference from commercial fm stations radio and television to make both the ils localizer and glide path receiver less susceptible to interference from commercial fm stations radio and television to make the ils localizer receiver less susceptible to interference from earth reflected localizer signals to make both the ils localizer and glide path receiver less susceptible to interference from earth reflected localizer signals

Jomargra .why the ils glide path is not affected gs is in the uhf range and tv is also in the uhf . .fm immunity relates in reality solely to the bottom end of the vhf nav band and solely to receivers .it all happened when the government sold off the 'guard band' the gap in the frequency allocation between fm broadcasting and aircraft navigation so the fm broadcasters now come right up to the edge by 108 mhz but not the tv broadcasters exemple 316 to make the ils-localizer receiver less susceptible to interference from commercial fm-stations (radio and television).to make the ils-localizer receiver less susceptible to interference from commercial fm-stations (radio and television).

On the rmi the tip of a vor needle indicates 060° .with the crs set on 055° ?

Question 180-11 : To half scale deflection to the right to half scale deflection to the left from half scale deflection to the left from half scale deflection to the right

. 2594.to avoid risks of confusion we assume that we are on course to the station our heading is superposed with the rmi indication note that the result will be the same whatever your heading is we are on the radial 240°.half scale deflection to the right vor has 5 dots to either side of center and eah dot represents 2° of deviation we are on radial 240° and we selected a crs 055° radial 235° 5° deviation half scale deflection.for training purpose .luizmonteiro learning vor exemple 320 to, half scale deflection to the right.to, half scale deflection to the right.

To provide a pilot with the position of the aircraft in the absence of radar ?

Question 180-12 : Two vdf's at different locations able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency two co located vdf's able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency one vdf able to take simultaneous bearings on different frequencies three vdf's at different locations able to take simultaneous bearings on different frequencies

.vdf is the abbreviation for 'vhf direction finder' vdf stations are capable of measuring the direction of arrival of radio transmissions from aircraft vdf measures the bearing of the aircraft with reference to true or magnetic north at the station .with two vdf's at different locations atc is able to provide the position of the aircraft exemple 324 two vdf's at different locations, able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency.two vdf's at different locations, able to take bearings simultaneously on the transmitted frequency.

Vdf is the abbreviation for ?

Question 180-13 : Vhf direction finder vdf direction finder very direct finder very high frequency deviation finding station

exemple 328 vhf direction finder.vhf direction finder.

The transmission of the glide slope beacon is characterised by a ?

Question 180-14 : Uhf frequency with a minimum range of 10 nm vhf frequency modulated with a 90 hz am and 150 hz am navigation signal 300 to 3000 hz amplitude modulation for the atis uhf carrier frequency with a possible 'voice ident'

.vor operating frequencies vhf.localiser vhf.marker beacon vhf..dme operating frequencies uhf.glide slope uhf.gnss/gps uhf.l1 and l2 frequencies used by navstar/gps uhf..ils localiser and glide slope vhf and uhf bands.microwave landing system mls shf.airborne weather radars shf.locator lf/mf exemple 332 uhf frequency with a minimum range of 10 nm.uhf frequency with a minimum range of 10 nm.

A locator beacon differs from an ndb with respect to .1 operational use.2 ?

Question 180-15 : 1 and 2 1 2 and 3 2 3 and 4 1 and 4

.according to icao annex 10 a locator is a low powered beacon with a range of 10 to 25 nm frequency band 190 khz to 1750 khz and presentation in the cockpit are the same a locator is for airfield or runway approach ndb is a high powered beacon used for en route and airways navigation range up to 250 nm exemple 336 1 and 2.1 and 2.

An aircraft is flying on a magnetic heading of 210° .the magnetic variation at ?

Question 180-16 : 025° 015° 205° 195°

/com en/com062 15113 jpg...half scale needle deflection on vor tracking mode is 5°.for training purpose please use one of the following websites...navigation simulator....adf vor simulator....vor simulator....luizmonteiro learning vor exemple 340 025°.025°.

An aircraft is flying on a magnetic heading of 210° .the magnetic variation at ?

Question 180-17 : 025° 015° 205° 195°

.the radials of a vor always point away from the station. . /com en/com062 418 jpg...aircraft heading is not important selected courses crs is 200° the needle materializes the radial 200° and with the 'to' indication we are on course to the station we still are on radial 020 opposite to radial 200° .we are left of selected course and in vor/dme mode half scale deflection of the cdi is 5° full deflectionis 10°..for training purpose please use one of the following websites...navigation simulator....adf vor simulator....vor simulator....luizmonteiro learning vor exemple 344 025°.025°.

The reading of the rmi bearing is 300° at the tip of the needle .the magnetic ?

Question 180-18 : 274° 094° 272° 294°

.compass heading = 020°..deviation = 2° westerly deviation deviation west compass best.magnetic heading = 018°..variation = 24° ndb variation at aircraft position variation west magnetic best.true heading = 354°.we are looking for a bearing from the station and the rmi bearing is 300° at the tip of the needle.at a heading of 020° and a bearing to the beacon of 300° relative bearing must be 280° 300° 020°.reciprocal true bearing = heading + relative bearing..reciprocal true bearing = 354° + 280° = 634°..true bearing = 634° 360° = 274° exemple 348 274°.274°.

Classify the marker from lower aural frequency to higher aural frequency.1 ?

Question 180-19 : 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3

Inner.... middle...... outer exemple 352 3 - 2 - 13 - 2 - 1

Range of 'vdf' depends on.1 line of sight formula.2 power of transmitters.3 ?

Question 180-20 : 1 2 and 3 1 and 3 2 1 and 2

exemple 356 1, 2 and 3.1, 2 and 3.

Locators are .1 high powered ndbs used for en route and airways navigation .2 ?

Question 180-21 : 2 and 4 1 and 3 2 and 3 1 and 4

exemple 360 2 and 4.2 and 4.

Allocated frequencies for 'ndb' are ?

Question 180-22 : 190 khz to 1750 khz 1 90 khz to 17 50 khz 1900 khz to 17500 khz 19 hz to 17500 hz

.ndbs non directional beacons used for aviation are standardised by icao annex 10 which specifies that ndbs be operated on a frequency between 190 khz and 1750 khz exemple 364 190 khz to 1750 khz.190 khz to 1750 khz.

On final on an 'ils' approach you are flying overhead the outer marker .you can ?

Question 180-23 : 4 nm from the threshold 1 nm from the threshold 25 nm from the threshold 10 nm from the threshold

exemple 368 4 nm from the threshold.4 nm from the threshold.

An aircraft has a magnetic heading of 290° and is on vor radial 280 which ?

Question 180-24 : 100° 110° 280° 290°

.the heading of the aircraft is irrevelant the radials of a vor always point away from the station and you are on radial 280° if you want to go to the station you must select the radial minus 180° or + 180° it's up to you .notice if you want a from indication you just have to select 280°.for training purpose please use one of the following websites...navigation simulator....adf vor simulator....vor simulator....luizmonteiro learning vor exemple 372 100°.100°.

The 'ils' outer marker modulation frequency is ?

Question 180-25 : 400 hz 3000 hz 1500 hz 1300 hz

exemple 376 400 hz.400 hz.

Which of the following list use the vhf band.1 locator..2 localiser..3 outer ?

Question 180-26 : 2 and 3 2 and 4 1 2 3 and 4 1 and 3

.vor operating frequencies vhf.. localiser vhf. marker beacon vhf...dme operating frequencies uhf..glide slope/path uhf..gnss/gps uhf..l1 and l2 frequencies used by navstar/gps uhf....ils localiser and glide slope uhf and vhf bands...microwave landing system mls shf..airborne weather radars shf....locator lf/mf exemple 380 2 and 3.2 and 3.

Range of vdf depends on .1 loudness of the voices of the pilot and the operator ?

Question 180-27 : 2 and 4 2 3 and 4 1

exemple 384 2 and 4.2 and 4.

An aircraft on a heading of 180°m is on a bearing of 270°m from a vor .the ?

Question 180-28 : 090° 270° 360° 180°

. /com en/com062 437 jpg.to centralise the vor/ils deviation needle you can set 090° or 270° .if you choose 270° you will have a 'from' indication.for training purpose please use one of the following websites...navigation simulator....adf vor simulator....vor simulator....luizmonteiro learning vor exemple 388 090°.090°.

The localiser transmitters operate in a frequency band between ?

Question 180-29 : 108 mhz and 111 975 mhz 329 15 mhz and 335 mhz 108 mhz and 117 975 mhz 111 975 mhz and 117 975 mhz

.ils localiser frequencies are found in the range of 108 00 to 111 95 mhz and the first digit after the decimal point is odd . if the first digit after the decimal point is even it is a vor.please note that this question stipulates between you will find localiser frequencies from 108 10 to 111 95 mhz exemple 392 108 mhz and 111.975 mhz.108 mhz and 111.975 mhz.

The ils middle marker modulation frequency is ?

Question 180-30 : 1300 hz 800 hz 400 hz 3000 hz

exemple 396 1300 hz.1300 hz.

Inner marker beacons of an ils transmit at ?

Question 180-31 : 75 mhz 90 hz 150 mhz it depends on the modulating frequency

. all marker beacons operate on 75 mhz carrier frequency.modulation frequencies are .outer marker 400 hz .middle marker 1300 hz.inner marker 3000 hz..the audio frequency modulation for identification is continuous modulation of the audio frequency and is keyed as follows .outer marker 2 dashes per second continuously .middle marker a continuous series of alternate dots and dashes .inner marker 6 dots per second continuously exemple 400 75 mhz.75 mhz.

All ils marker beacons transmit at ?

Question 180-32 : 75 mhz 90 mhz 150 mhz it depends on the modulating frequency

.icao annex 10 aeronautical telecommunications volume 1 radio navigation aids .3 1 7 2 radio frequency.3 1 7 2 1 the marker beacons shall operate at 75 mhz with a frequency tolerance of plus or minus 0 005 per cent and shall utilize horizontal polarization exemple 404 75 mhz.75 mhz.

Middle marker beacons of an ils transmit on carrier frequency at ?

Question 180-33 : 75 mhz 150 mhz 90 mhz 1300 hz

. all marker beacons operate on 75 mhz carrier frequency.modulation frequencies are .outer marker 400 hz .middle marker 1300 hz.inner marker 3000 hz..the audio frequency modulation for identification is continuous modulation of the audio frequency and is keyed as follows .outer marker 2 dashes per second continuously .middle marker a continuous series of alternate dots and dashes .inner marker 6 dots per second continuously exemple 408 75 mhz.75 mhz.

An aircraft is on the 065 radial with a heading of 090°m .the course reference ?

Question 180-34 : B a c d

Crs is set by the pilot it is 240 radial.we are on the 065 radial if we were on the opposite side of the vor opposite radial of 240 we will be on the 060° radial 240 180..in order to simplify remember that the indication on a hsi is directionnal so you can set a crs on 060° and we could see that we are on the right of the radial 060°..if our heading is 090° it means that we are going away from the vor the vor is behind us .only b is the correct answer exemple 412 b.b.

Night effect in an adf may cause ?

Question 180-35 : Fluctuating indications of the needle on the rmi a constant error in the indicated bearing no bearing error because of the built in compensator unit noise in the received em wave which hardly will be noticed by the pilot looking at the rmi

.navigation using an adf to track ndbs is subject to several common effects... night effect radio waves reflected back by the ionosphere can cause signal strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles 54 to 108 km from the transmitter especially just before sunrise and just after sunset more common on frequencies above 350 khz.. terrain effect high terrain like mountains and cliffs can reflect radio waves giving erroneous readings magnetic deposits can also cause erroneous readings.. electrical effect or static interference electrical storms and sometimes also electrical interference from a ground based source or from a source within the aircraft can cause the adf needle to deflect towards the electrical source.. shoreline effect or coastal refraction low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it.. bank effect when the aircraft is banked the needle reading will be offset...it doesn't provide information of failure or malfunction exemple 416 fluctuating indications of the needle on the rmi.fluctuating indications of the needle on the rmi.

The audio frequency modulation of the outer marker shall be keyed as follows ?

Question 180-36 : 2 dashes per second continuously a continuous series of alternate dots and dashes 6 dots per second continuously 3 dashes 3 dots and 3 dashes per second continuously

. 677 exemple 420 2 dashes per second continuously.2 dashes per second continuously.

Which statement is correct with respect to the different types of vor ?

Question 180-37 : A tvor has a limited range a dvor is less accurate than a cvor a vot is located along an airway with the purpose to provide an in flight check of the airborne equipment a cvor is primarily used for instrument approaches

.tvor terminal vor .the range of 108 to 112 mhz is allocated for terminal vor terminal vors are accurate to 25 nm outward up to 12000 ft.tvor is not a 'vot' which is a 'test vor' exemple 424 a tvor has a limited range.a tvor has a limited range.

The ils receiver of an aircraft on approach and flying on the right of the ?

Question 180-38 : More of the 150 hz localiser signal than the 90 hz localiser signal a modulated signal and will shift the localiser needle to the right according to the magnitude of the difference between the two amplitudes the modulation from both lobes at equal amplitude the left lobe modulation only

/com en/com062 12691 jpg...distribution of the frequencies seen in the approach direction.. /com en/com062 15293 jpg...if the aircraft is exactly on the glidepath on the exact runway centreline it receives a balance between modulations..if the aircraft is right of the exact runway centreline glidepath it will receive more of the 150 hz localiser signal than the 90 hz localiser signal exemple 428 more of the 150 hz localiser signal than the 90 hz localiser signal.more of the 150 hz localiser signal than the 90 hz localiser signal.

Ils produces ?

Question 180-39 : A radiation pattern which is amplitude modulated by a 90hz and a 150hz signal a radiation pattern which is amplitude modulated by the vhf frequency of the ils two lobes modulated in frequency by a 90hz and a 150hz signal a 90 hz lobe and a 150 hz lobe which are amplitude modulated by the vhf frequency of the ils

/com en/com062 12691 jpg exemple 432 a radiation pattern which is amplitude modulated by a 90hz and a 150hz signal.a radiation pattern which is amplitude modulated by a 90hz and a 150hz signal.

108 35 mhz can only be ?

Question 180-40 : An ils frequency a vor frequency an atc frequency a ndb frequency

Ils localiser frequencies are found in the range of 108 00 to 111 95 mhz and the first digit after the decimal point is odd . if the first digit after the decimal point is even it is a vor exemple 436 an ils frequency.an ils frequency.

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