In ISA conditions what is the maximum theoretical range at which an aircraft at FL80 can expect to obtain bearings from a ground VDF facility sited 325 ft above MSL ?
Multiple > protocol
The principle used in VOR bearing measurement is ?
You are flying along an airway which is 10 NM wide 5 NM either side of the centreline The distance to the VOR/DME you are using is 100 NM If you are on the airway boundary how many dots deviation ?
An airway 10 nm wide to be defined two vors each having a resultant bearing accuracy of plus or minus 5 5° in order to ensure accurate track guidance within airway limits maximum distance apart the transmitter approximately tan 5 5 x x = 10 nm x = 10 / 0 0962 = 103 9 nm miloszhomik 10 nm wide but 5 to each side so it will be approx 50 nm approximately 50 nm if you consider only beacon behind you but when you switch to beacon in front of you maximum distance apart the transmitter will be approximately 52 5 + 52 5 = 105 nm. 
An aircraft required to approach a vor via 104° radial which of following settings should be made on vor/ils deviation indicator 284° with to flag showing. for training purpose please use luizmonteiro learning vor. 
An aircraft required to approach a vor station via 244° radial in order to obtain correct sense indications deviation indicator should be set to 64° with to flag showing. for training purpose luizmonteiro learning vor. 
What the maximum theoretical range that an aircraft at fl150 can receive signals from a vor situated 609 feet above msl 64° with to flag showing. 1 23*(sqrt609 + sqrt15000) = 181 nm (sqrt square root). Question 175-8
For a conventional dme facility 'beacon saturation' will occur whenever number of aircraft interrogations exceeds 64° with to flag showing. a typical dme transponder can provide distance information to 100 aircraft at a time above this limit transponder avoids overload limiting gain of receiver replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower transponder load dme can be used 300 users at one time the technical term of dme station when its overloaded cannot accept more than 100 aircraft called 'station or beacon saturation'. Question 175-9
The aircraft dme receiver able to accept replies to its own transmissions and reject replies to other aircraft interrogations because The time interval between pulse pairs unique to that particular aircraft. the interrogation reply frequencies always differ 63 mhz the time interval between pulse pairs unique because pulse recurrence frequency randomised. Question 175-10
The aircraft dme receiver cannot lock on to interrogation signals reflected from ground because Aircraft transmitter dme ground station are transmitting on different frequencies. the interrogation pulses are at one frequency (1030 mhz) the reply pulses are at a different frequency (1090 mhz). Question 175-11
The design requirements dme n stipulate that at a range of 100 nm maximum systematic error should not exceed Aircraft transmitter dme ground station are transmitting on different frequencies. the error of dme 'n' according to annex 10 should not exceed + 0 25 nm + 1 25% of distance measured 0 25 + (0 0125 x 100) = 1 5 nm for installations installed after 1 jan 1989 total system error should not exceed 0 2 nm dme 'p' (precise). Question 175-12
In which situation will speed indications on an airborne distance measuring equipment dme most closely represent groundspeed of an aircraft flying at fl400 When tracking directly towards station at a range of nm or more. the dme instrument in cockpit will not only show your distance to a station but will calculate rate of movement display groundspeed if you are to close you will have a 'slant range' distance mesured the from station to aircraft not from your equivalent position on ground at long distances this will be minimised when passing abeam station within 5 nm at a range of 10 nm will not give you most accurate groundspeed indication overhead station will give you a grounspeed indication of zero. Question 175-13
The time taken the transmission of an interrogation pulse a distance measuring equipment dme to travel to ground transponder and return to airborne receiver was 2000 micro second the slant range from ground transponder was When tracking directly towards station at a range of nm or more. slant range= ((time 50 micro second)/2 )x c (velocity of light in km/s) slant range= ((2000 50)/2) x c slant range= 975 x 300000 slant range= 292500000 292 500 km > 158 nm 50 micro second the time taken the airborne receiver to reply to ground transponder you must divide 2000 2 because 2000 micro second the total time taken a signal to travel come back. Question 175-14
The reason why pre take off holding areas are sometimes further from active runway when ils category 2 and 3 landing procedures are in progress than during good weather operations Aircraft manoeuvring near runway may disturb guidance signals. slant range= ((time 50 micro second)/2 )x c (velocity of light in km/s) slant range= ((2000 50)/2) x c slant range= 975 x 300000 slant range= 292500000 292 500 km > 158 nm 50 micro second the time taken the airborne receiver to reply to ground transponder you must divide 2000 2 because 2000 micro second the total time taken a signal to travel come back. Question 175-15
An aircraft tracking to intercept instrument landing system ils localiser inbound on approach side outside published ils coverage angle May receive false course indications. false glideslope signals may exist outside published ils coverage angle in area of localizer back course approach which can cause glideslope flag alarm to disappear present unreliable glideslope information. Question 175-16
The middle marker of an instrument landing system ils facility identified audibly and visually a series of Alternate dots dashes an amber light flashing. false glideslope signals may exist outside published ils coverage angle in area of localizer back course approach which can cause glideslope flag alarm to disappear present unreliable glideslope information. Question 175-17
The outer marker of an instrument landing system ils facility transmits on a frequency of 75 mhz is modulated morse at two dashes per second. . Question 175-18
What approximate rate of descent required in order to maintain a 3° glide path at a groundspeed of 120 kt 75 mhz is modulated morse at two dashes per second. 3° glide > 5% rate of descent divide speed 2 add a zero. Question 175-19
An rmi slaved to a remote indicating compass has gone unserviceable and locked on to a reading of 090° the tail of vor pointer shows 135° the available information from vor Radial 35° relative bearing unknown. our heading information false but needle will give correct magnetic bearings of beacon example you perform a 360° turn heading remains locked on 090° on rmi the tail of needle will remain against 135° now you fly on a northerly heading tail of needle progressively shows 134° 133° 132° etc. Question 175-20
What the colour sequence when passing over an outer middle and inner marker beacon Blue amber white. . Question 175-21
The vor system limited to about 1° of accuracy one degree at 200 nm represents a width of Blue amber white. use tangents to get exact answer tan1 x 200 = 3 5 nm or apply '1 in 60' rule distance off track / distance gone = track error angle / 60 d/200 = 1/60 d = (200 x 1)/60 d = 3 33 nm (approximately = 3 5 nm). Question 175-22
An aircraft 'homing' to a radio beacon whilst maintaining a relative bearing of zero if magnetic heading decreases aircraft experiencing Blue amber white. answer 'a wind from west' wrong in our example this a wind from west but imagine if airplane heading south to beacon wind will be from east. Question 175-23
In which frequency band do vor transmitters operate Blue amber white. vhf omni directional radio ranges operate in very high frequency aviation navigation band between 108 to 117 95 mhz as vhf transmissions are line of sight ground to air range depends on elevation of beacon site height of aircraft the power output. Question 175-24
In which frequency band does an ils glide slope transmit Blue amber white. the uhf glideslope transmitter operating on one of 40 ils channels within frequency range 329 15 mhz to 335 00 mhz radiates its signals in direction of localizer front course the term 'glidepath' means that portion of glideslope that intersects localizer. Question 175-25
Which of following likely to have greatest effect on adf accuracy Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. navigation using an adf to track ndbs subject to several common effects night effect radio waves reflected back the ionosphere can cause signal strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles (54 to 108 km) from transmitter especially just before sunrise just after sunset (more common on frequencies above 350 khz) electrical effect electrical storms sometimes also electrical interference (from a ground based source or from a source within aircraft) can cause adf needle to deflect towards electrical source. Question 175-26
Assuming a five dot display on either side of cdi on ils localiser cockpit display what does each of dots represent approximately Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. five dot display (on either side) course deviation indicator (cdi) . Question 175-27
Outer marker transmits on 75 mhz and has an aural frequency of Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. five dot display (on either side) course deviation indicator (cdi) . Question 175-28
An aircraft flying on a heading of 270° m the vor obs also set to 270° with full left deflection and from flag displayed in which sector the aircraft from vor ground station Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. for training purpose luizmonteiro learning vor. Question 175-29
An omni bearing selector obs shows full deflection to left when within range of a serviceable vor what angular deviation are you from selected radial Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. . Question 175-30
In accordance with doc 8168 a pilot flying an ndb approach must achieve a tracking accuracy within of published approach track Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. . Question 175-31
What approximate rate of descent required in order to maintain a 3° glidepath at a groundspeed of 90 kt Interference from other ndbs particularly at night. 3° glide > 5% rate of descent divide speed 2 add a zero. Question 175-32
Which statement below concerning mountain effect correct It may occur on ndb vor bearings. mountain effect or terrain effect (scalloping) due to reflections multipath propagation of radio wave radials can be bent lead to wrong or fluctuating indications. Question 175-33
Which one of following an advantage of a microwave landing system mls compared with an instrument landing system ils It insensitive to geographical site can be installed at sites where it not possible to use an ils. mountain effect or terrain effect (scalloping) due to reflections multipath propagation of radio wave radials can be bent lead to wrong or fluctuating indications. Question 175-34
The azimuth transmitter of a microwave landing system mls provides a fan shaped horizontal approach zone which usually + or 4 ° of runway centre line. img /com_en/com062 85 jpg . Question 175-35
Which of following statements concerning variable or directional signal of a conventional vor correct The rotation of variable signal at a rate of 3 times per second gives it characteristics of a 3 hz amplitude modulation. the vor encodes azimuth (direction from station) as phase relationship of a reference a variable signal the omni directional signal contains a modulated continuous wave (mcw) 7 wpm morse code station identifier usually contains an amplitude modulated (am) voice channel the conventional 30 hz reference signal on a 9960 hz frequency modulated (fm) subcarrier the variable amplitude modulated (am) signal conventionally derived from lighthouse like rotation of a directional antenna array 30 times per second. Question 175-36
The maximum theoretical range at which an aircraft at fl230 may receive signals from a vor facility sited at mean sea level The rotation of variable signal at a rate of 3 times per second gives it characteristics of a 3 hz amplitude modulation. 1 23 (or 1 25 depending on your school) x sqrt23000 = 190 nm (sqrt square root). Question 175-37
When fading damping of a radio wave so important that no signal can be received this phenomenon The rotation of variable signal at a rate of 3 times per second gives it characteristics of a 3 hz amplitude modulation. absorption of radio wave energy the way in which energy taken up the ground or atmosphere (rain hail ionosphere etc ) the electromagnetic energy then transformed to other forms of energy example into heat. Question 175-38
Where in relation to runway the ils localiser transmitting aerial normally situated On non approach end of runway about 3 m from runway on extended centreline. . Question 175-39
There are two ndbs one 20 nm inland and other 50 nm inland from coast assuming that error caused coastal refraction the same both propagations extent of error in a position line plotted an aircraft that over water Greater from beacon that 5 nm inland. coastal refraction low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it terrain effect high terrain like mountains cliffs can reflect radio waves giving erroneous readings so extent of error greater from beacon that 50 nm inland. Question 175-40
Which of following the icao allocated frequency band adf receivers Greater from beacon that 5 nm inland. ndbs used aviation are standardised icao annex 10 which specifies that ndbs be operated on a frequency between 190 khz 1750 khz.
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