Which letter in the figure below indicates the 'skip distance' 2557 ?
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You are flying over sea parallel to the coastline An NDB is situated 10 NM inland In which sectors in the diagram does the Shoreline/Coastal Effect reach its minimum 2558 ?
You are flying parallel to the coastline An NDB is positioned about 10 NM inland In which areas will you observe the Shoreline/Coastal Effect 2558 ?
The phenomenon of a change in direction of an em wave occurring at an interface between two different media so that wave returns into medium from which it originated called Area c + d deflection to coastline. coastal refraction or shoreline effect low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it least when bearings normal (perpendicular) to coastline radio waves passing coastline at small angles suffer refraction due to different conducting reflecting properties over land sea a false bearing indication obtained at aircraft flying over sea taking bearings from ndb located over land the effect less an ndb on coast than one inland on a bearing 90° to coastline then at an oblique angle hence given choice use beacon at coast rely on bearings perpendicular to coastline. 
What required to enable an antenna to transmit an electromagnetic wave The antenna has to be fed with an alternating current of high frequency. coastal refraction or shoreline effect low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it least when bearings normal (perpendicular) to coastline radio waves passing coastline at small angles suffer refraction due to different conducting reflecting properties over land sea a false bearing indication obtained at aircraft flying over sea taking bearings from ndb located over land the effect less an ndb on coast than one inland on a bearing 90° to coastline then at an oblique angle hence given choice use beacon at coast rely on bearings perpendicular to coastline. 
An electromagnetic wave has two types of energy field An e electrical field h magnetic field. an electromagnetic wave consists of an oscillating electric field (e) an oscillating magnetic field (h) which propagates at speed of light the (e) (h) fields are perpendicular to each other. 
In aviation electronic systems so called doppler principle may be used in Vor gps mts the turbulence mode of awr. mts multi spectral targeting system. Question 174-8
The wavelength of a radio signal transmitted at frequency of 3 ghz Vor gps mts the turbulence mode of awr. wavelength (in meter) = 300 / frequency in mhz wavelength (in meter) = 300 000 / frequency in ghz wavelength = 300 000 / 3 000 000 = 0 1 m. Question 174-9
The phase angle of a wave The fraction of one wavelength expressed in degrees from ° to 36 °. wavelength (in meter) = 300 / frequency in mhz wavelength (in meter) = 300 000 / frequency in ghz wavelength = 300 000 / 3 000 000 = 0 1 m. Question 174-10
Wavelength defined as Physical distance travelled a radio wave during one cycle of transmission. . Question 174-11
Antenna the ils glide path antenna must be located At approximately 3 m after threshold approximately 2 m laterally from runway centreline. . Question 174-12
The maximum separation distance between a vor and a dme having same identifier At approximately 3 m after threshold approximately 2 m laterally from runway centreline. . Question 174-13
The ground wave surface wave propagates as follows It travels along earth' surface follows curvature of earth. . Question 174-14
The sky wave propagates as follows A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to earth's surface the ionosphere. Ecqb04 november 2017. Question 174-15
An electromagnetic waves travelling through air directly from transmitter to receiver a A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to earth's surface the ionosphere. Ecqb04 november 2017. Question 174-16
Radio waves in vhf and higher frequency bands propagate mainly as A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to earth's surface the ionosphere. Ecqb04 november 2017. Question 174-17
From which physical phenomenon do sky waves originate A wave transmitted into space will be reflected back to earth's surface the ionosphere. Ecqb04 november 2017. Question 174-18
The skip zone defined as The area where neither ground waves nor sky waves are received. Ecqb04 november 2017. Question 174-19
The 'amplitude' of an electromagnetic wave defined as Maximum deflection in an oscillation or wave. amplitude maximum deflection in an oscillation. Question 174-20
The definition of frequency modulation The information carried a modification of frequency of carrier. frequency modulation the information that impressed onto carrier wave altering frequency of carrier . Question 174-21
Frequency modulation consists of A lf wave on an hf carrier wave. frequency modulation the information that impressed onto carrier wave altering frequency of carrier . Question 174-22
Modulation The addition of information onto a radio wave during transmission. modulation addition of information onto a radio wave during transmission the goal to modify radio frequency signal in order to superimpose audio and/or data signal a low frequency signal will be modulated changing one ore more of its parameters (amplitude frequency phase) then added onto a carrier wave which consists of a high frequency this process known as 'modulation' is necessary transporting information via cable or through air. Question 174-23
Skip distances are increased at night as D layer disappears at night the e f layers are used instead. Ecqb04 november 2017 skip distance the distance between transmitter the point on surface of earth where first sky return arrives skip distance will increase a higher position of reflecting ionospheric layer at night d layer disappears e layers almost disappears therefore refraction occurs at a higher level skip distance increased. Question 174-24
Which letter in figure below indicates 'ground wave' 2561 D layer disappears at night the e f layers are used instead. Ecqb04 november 2017 skip distance the distance between transmitter the point on surface of earth where first sky return arrives skip distance will increase a higher position of reflecting ionospheric layer at night d layer disappears e layers almost disappears therefore refraction occurs at a higher level skip distance increased. Question 174-25
A skip zone can be fin at letter s 2561 D layer disappears at night the e f layers are used instead. Ecqb04 november 2017 skip distance the distance between transmitter the point on surface of earth where first sky return arrives skip distance will increase a higher position of reflecting ionospheric layer at night d layer disappears e layers almost disappears therefore refraction occurs at a higher level skip distance increased. Question 174-26
Which one of following methods used a microwave landing system mls to indicate distance from runway threshold A precision facility dme. The mls precision distance measuring equipment (dme/p) functions same as navigation dme but there are some technical differences the beacon transponder operates in frequency band 962 to 1105 mhz responds to an aircraft interrogator the mls dme/p accuracy improved to be consistent with accuracy provided the mls azimuth elevation stations. Question 174-27
The frequency of amplitude modulation and colour of an outer marker om light A precision facility dme. . Question 174-28
An rmi indicates aircraft heading and bearing to convert rmi bearings of ndbs and vors to true bearings correct combination the application of magnetic variation Ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. application of magnetic variation at beacon position a vor application of magnetic variation at aircraft position a ndb. Question 174-29
An aircraft flying on true track 090° towards a vor station located near equator where magnetic variation 15°e the variation at aircraft position 8°e the aircraft on vor radial Ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. application of magnetic variation at beacon position a vor so flying 90° true tracks towards a vor means that we are on 270° inbound radial 270° minus 15° east = 255° (m). Question 174-30
Given magnetic heading 280° vor radial 090° what bearing should be selected on omni bearing selector in order to centralise vor deviation needle with a 'to' indication Ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. for training purpose please use one of following websites luizmonteiro learning vor. Question 174-31
A vor sited at position 58°00'n 073°00'w where magnetic variation equals 32°w an aircraft located at position 56°00'n 073°00'w where magnetic variation equals 28°w the aircraft on vor radial Ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. the aircraft south of vor we apply variation at beacon (it a vor) the aircraft on vor radial of 180 + 32 = 212° declination west > compass best declination east > compass least. Question 174-32
In order to plot a bearing from a vor station a pilot needs to know magnetic variation Ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. the application of magnetic variation is ndb aircraft position vor beacon position. Question 174-33
An aircraft dme receiver does not lock on to its own transmissions reflected from ground because They are not on receiver frequency. the interrogation reply frequencies always differ 63 mhz. Question 174-34
A dme located at msl an aircraft passing vertically above station at flight level fl 360 will obtain a dme range of approximately They are not on receiver frequency. the aircraft directly overhead beacon so interrogation pulses will therefore go vertically down to beacon the response pulses will go vertically upwards to aircraft dme range = 36000ft 1 nm = 6000ft dme range = 36000/6000 = 6 nm. Question 174-35
During a flight at fl 210 a pilot does not receive any dme distance indication from a dme station located approximately 220 nm away the reason this that Aircraft below 'line of sight' altitude. dme (distance measuring equipment) ground stations transmit within a uhf frequency band of 962 to 1213 mhz because equipment uhf signals transmitted are subject to line of sight restrictions therefore its range varies in direct proportion to altitude of receiving equipment generally reception range of signals at an altitude of 1 000 feet above ground level (agl) about 40 to 45 miles this distance increases with altitude vhf transmissions follow a line of sight course . Question 174-36
Which of following will give most accurate calculation of aircraft ground speed A dme station sited on flight route. dme distance measuring equipment the dme receiver can express groundspeed in knots this value accurate only if aircraft flying directly to or from station because dme measures groundspeed comparing time lapse between a series of pulses when accurate groundspeed information allows pilot to make accurate estimates of time of arrival accurate checks of aircraft progress. Question 174-37
What the approximate angular coverage of reliable navigation information a 3° ils glide path out to a minimum distance of 10 nm 35° above horizontal to 5 25° above horizontal 8° each side of localiser centreline. glide slope coverage goes from 0 45 to 1 75 times glide path angle 3° x 0 45 = 1 35° 3° x 1 75 = 5 25°. Question 174-38
A vor sited at position a 45°00'n 010°00'e an aircraft located at position b 44°00'n 010°00'e assuming that magnetic variation at a 10°w and at b 15°w aircraft on vor radial 35° above horizontal to 5 25° above horizontal 8° each side of localiser centreline. the application of magnetic variation is for a ndb aircraft position for a vor beacon position aircraft south (180°t) of vor we have to apply variation at vor position variation west magnetic best! 180° + 10° = 190°. Question 174-39
A dme station located 1000 feet above msl an aircraft flying at fl 370 in isa conditions which 15 nm away from dme station will have a dme reading of 35° above horizontal to 5 25° above horizontal 8° each side of localiser centreline. pythagora theorem dme range² = ground range² + height² dme² = 225 + 36 dme = sqrt (261) dme = 16 16 nm. Question 174-40
What the approximate maximum theoretical range at which an aircraft at fl130 could receive information from a vdf facility which sited 1024 ft above msl 35° above horizontal to 5 25° above horizontal 8° each side of localiser centreline. 1 23*(sqrt1024 + sqrt13000) = 179 6 nm (sqrt square root).
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