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The correct formula for climb/descent gradient in % is Gradient in % = ?

Multiple > protocol

exemple reponse 287
(vertical distance x ) / ground distance. estimate average climb/descent gradient (per cent) or glide path degrees according to following rule of thumb gradient in % = (vertical distance (ft) / 60) / ground distance (nm)) or gradient in % = (vertical distance x 100) / ground distance gradient in degrees = arctan (altitude difference (ft) / ground distance (ft)) or gradient in degrees = (vertical distance (ft) / 100) / ground distance (nm)) n b these rules of thumb approximate 1 nm to 6 000 ft are based on 1 60 rule.



The correct formula for climb/descent gradient in ° is Gradient in ° = ?

exemple reponse 288
The correct formula climb/descent gradient in ° gradient in ° = (vertical distance (ft) / ) / ground distance (nm)). estimate average climb/descent gradient (per cent) or glide path degrees according to following rule of thumb gradient in % = (vertical distance (ft) / 60) / ground distance (nm)) or gradient in % = (vertical distance x 100) / ground distance gradient in degrees = arctan (altitude difference (ft) / ground distance (ft)) or gradient in degrees = (vertical distance (ft) / 100) / ground distance (nm)) n b these rules of thumb approximate 1 nm to 6 000 ft are based on 1 60 rule.

An aircraft climbs from ground level to FL180 The following wind information is given Ground level 260°/25 ktFL030 270°/30 ktFL060 270°/35 ktFL090 270°/40 ktFL120 280°/50 ktFL150 285°/55 ?

exemple reponse 289
An aircraft climbs from ground level to fl180 the following wind information given ground level 260°/25 ktfl030 270°/30 ktfl060 270°/35 ktfl090 270°/40 ktfl120 280°/50 ktfl150 285°/55 ktfl180 290°/55 ktthe wind to be used to solve climb problems e g calculation of gs from tas and track in climb (vertical distance (ft) / ) / ground distance (nm)). estimate average climb/descent gradient (per cent) or glide path degrees according to following rule of thumb gradient in % = (vertical distance (ft) / 60) / ground distance (nm)) or gradient in % = (vertical distance x 100) / ground distance gradient in degrees = arctan (altitude difference (ft) / ground distance (ft)) or gradient in degrees = (vertical distance (ft) / 100) / ground distance (nm)) n b these rules of thumb approximate 1 nm to 6 000 ft are based on 1 60 rule.

  • exemple reponse 290
    An aircraft flying according flight log at annex after 15 minutes of flying with planned tas and true heading aircraft 3 nm south of intended track and 2 5 nm ahead of dead reckoning position to reach destination b from this position true heading should be 2504 (vertical distance (ft) / ) / ground distance (nm)). 15 min / 60 = 0 25h 0 25 x 130 kt (gs) = 32 5 nm 32 5 nm + 2 5nm (ahead of dr) = 35 nm 50 nm(dist ) 35 nm = 15 nm tke = 3 x 60/35 3 x 60/15 tke = 5° 12° ca = 5° + 12° = 17° as we are south of 095° to get back we need to fly more to north therefore 095 17° = 078°.

  • exemple reponse 291
    The 'night effect' which causes loss of signal and fading resulting in bearing errors from ndb transmissions due to Skywave distortion of null position is maximum at dawn dusk. navigation using an adf to track ndbs subject to several common effects for 'night effect' radio waves reflected back the ionosphere can cause signal strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles (54 to 108 km) from transmitter especially just before sunrise just after sunset (more common on frequencies above 350 khz).

  • exemple reponse 292
    Quadrantal errors associated with aircraft automatic direction finding adf equipment are caused Signal bending the aircraft metallic surfaces. quadrantal error ndb signals may reach receiver aerial directly also after being reflected the aircraft body due to electrical circuits current flowing through them there an electromagnetic field surrounding aircraft in general alignment with its body this causes incident radio waves to deflect near adf receiver aerial the mixed signal affects null position the bearing indicated may be with large error the maximum effect at quadrantal relative bearings 045° 135° 225° 315° relative to heading modern installations are compensated this error.

  • exemple reponse 293
    Errors caused the effect of coastal refraction on bearings at lower altitudes are maximum when ndb Inland the bearing crosses coast at an acute angle. coastal refraction or shoreline effect low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it least when bearings normal to coastline radio waves passing coastline at small angles suffer refraction due to different conducting reflecting properties over land sea a false bearing indication obtained at aircraft flying over sea taking bearings from ndb located over land the effect less an ndb on coast than one inland on a bearing 90° to coastline then at an oblique angle hence given choice use beacon at coast rely on bearings perpendicular to coastline.

  • Question 172-8

    Transmissions from vor facilities may be adversely affected Uneven propagation over irregular ground surfaces. due to reflections from terrain radials can be bent lead to wrong or fluctuating indications which called 'scalloping'.

  • Question 172-9

    If vor bearing information used beyond published protection range errors could be caused Interference from other transmitters. maximum range altitude published a vor guaranteed reception free from harmful interference from other vors when you are within this airspace.

  • Question 172-10

    What the wavelength of an ndb transmitting on 375 khz Interference from other transmitters. wavelength (m) = 300 / f (mhz) wavelength (m) = 300000 / f (khz) wavelength = 300000 / 375 khz = 800 m.

  • Question 172-11

    Phase modulation A modulation form used in gps where phase of carrier wave reversed. for ranging codes navigation messages to travel from satellite to receiver they must be modulated onto a carrier frequency varying phase of signal (phase modulation) as soon as a data signal will be modulated onto carrier wave phase of carrier wave reversed 180° the receiver will detect this reversal is able to reconstruct data.

  • Question 172-12

    Factors liable to affect most ndb/adf system performance and reliability include Static interference night effect absence of failure warning system. navigation using an adf to track ndbs subject to several common effects night effect radio waves reflected back the ionosphere can cause signal strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles (54 to 108 km) from transmitter especially just before sunrise just after sunset (more common on frequencies above 350 khz) terrain effect high terrain like mountains cliffs can reflect radio waves giving erroneous readings magnetic deposits can also cause erroneous readings electrical effect or static interference electrical storms sometimes also electrical interference (from a ground based source or from a source within aircraft) can cause adf needle to deflect towards electrical source shoreline effect or coastal refraction low frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline especially if they are close to parallel to it bank effect when aircraft banked needle reading will be offset it doesn't provide information of failure or malfunction.

  • Question 172-13

    Due to 'doppler' effect an apparent decrease in transmitted frequency which proportional to transmitter's velocity will occur when The transmitter moves away from receiver. because radio signals travel at a constant speed (assuming they are not refracted the atmosphere) receiver can calculate exactly how far away it from transmitter speed most often calculated the receiver using doppler effect which the process which frequency of a signal changes due to relative motion of transmitter frequency decreases when transmitter moves away from receiver.

  • Question 172-14

    Which one of following disturbances most likely to cause greatest inaccuracy in adf bearings Local thunderstorm activity. static emission energy from a cumulonimbus cloud may interfere with radio wave influence adf bearing indication thunderstorm cause greatest inaccuracy coastal effect causes relatively small inaccuracy the quadrantal error caused the refraction from aircraft's fuselage is compensated for precipitation interference irrelevant.

  • Question 172-15

    The advantage of use of slotted antennas in modern radar technology to Virtually eliminate lateral lobes as a consequence concentrate more energy in main beam. the main advantage of a slotted antenna that it produces a much narrower beam eliminates most of lateral lobes therefore more energy can be concentrated in main beam or you can use less power to transmit.

  • Question 172-16

    The frequency which corresponds to a wavelength of 12 cm Virtually eliminate lateral lobes as a consequence concentrate more energy in main beam. frequency (mhz) = 300 / wavelength (m) frequency (mhz) = 300 / 0 12 (m) = 2500 mhz.

  • Question 172-17

    A cumulonimbus cloud in vicinity of an aeroplane can cause certain navigation systems to give false indications this particularly true of Virtually eliminate lateral lobes as a consequence concentrate more energy in main beam. frequency (mhz) = 300 / wavelength (m) frequency (mhz) = 300 / 0 12 (m) = 2500 mhz.

  • Question 172-18

    A radio altimeter employing a continuous wave signal would have A directional aerial transmission another one reception. a radio altimeter a self contained on board aid which indicates true height or lowest wheels with regard to ground a continuous wave fm radio beam in shf band (4200 4400 mhz) directed towards ground in a 30° cone fore aft 30° athwartships (across ship from side to side) the signal reflected back to aircraft continuous wave (as opposed to pulse) radar eliminates minimum target reception range since time delay a pulsed signal would be too small to measure properly (as well antennae cannot switch between transmit receive that quickly) as potential time interval very small you need separate transmitter receiver aerial.

  • Question 172-19

    Which statement relating to stabilization of airborne weather radar antennae true They are stabilized with respect to pitch rollaxis but not with respect to yaw axis. a radio altimeter a self contained on board aid which indicates true height or lowest wheels with regard to ground a continuous wave fm radio beam in shf band (4200 4400 mhz) directed towards ground in a 30° cone fore aft 30° athwartships (across ship from side to side) the signal reflected back to aircraft continuous wave (as opposed to pulse) radar eliminates minimum target reception range since time delay a pulsed signal would be too small to measure properly (as well antennae cannot switch between transmit receive that quickly) as potential time interval very small you need separate transmitter receiver aerial.

  • Question 172-20

    Ils transmitters use They are stabilized with respect to pitch rollaxis but not with respect to yaw axis. Vor operating frequencies vhf localiser vhf marker beacon vhf dme operating frequencies uhf glide slope uhf gnss/gps uhf l1 l2 frequencies used navstar/gps uhf ils (localiser glide slope) uhf vhf bands microwave landing system (mls) shf airborne weather radars shf locator lf/mf.

  • Question 172-21

    The antennae of modern airborne weather radars are stabilized means of Inputs from aircraft's attitude system. automatic antenna stabilization as employed in today's weather avoidance radar systems consists of an electro mechanical means of maintaining a selected beam scan relative to earth's horizon during moderate aircraft maneuvers to accomplish this a reference established the aircraft's vertical gyro usually a component of autopilot or integrated flight control system.

  • Question 172-22

    The type of modulation used the ils frequency carrier Amplitude modulation. amplitude modulation information that impressed onto carrier wave altering amplitude of carrier.

  • Question 172-23

    The quadrantal error of an adf Is caused the refraction from aircraft's fuselage is compensated for. the quadrantal error a distortion of incoming signal from ndb station re radiation from airframe this corrected during installation of antenna.

  • Question 172-24

    The skip distance of hf transmission will increase with Higher frequency higher position of reflecting ionospheric layer. skip distance the distance between transmitter the point on surface of earth where first sky return arrives it will increase a higher frequency it will increase a higher position of reflecting ionospheric layer.

  • Question 172-25

    Which statement about errors and effects on ndb radio signals correct The mountain effect caused reflections onto steep slopes of mountainous terrain which may cause big errors in bearing. mountain effect mountain areas can cause reflections (and to a lesser extent diffractions) lead to error direction reading adf this effect similar to night effect obtained in mountainous areas where energy received from an ndb consists of two or more waves one of them direct others reflection from mountains bearing indications are found to change rapidly until affected area passed for information night effect radio waves take two paths to radio compass receiver the first normal path along earth's surface if only these waves were received compass would point directly to ndb the second path via one or more wave refracting layers above earth (the ionosphere) returning to earth to mix with direct waves complete changes in nature of waves take place on this path produce errors in direction.

  • Question 172-26

    What causes so called night effect A change in direction of plane of polarisation due to reflection in ionosphere. 'night effect' the influence of sky waves ground waves arriving at adf receiver lead at a difference of phase polarisation which introduce bearing errors at night night effect predominates around dusk dawn.

  • Question 172-27

    Comparing a parabolic reflector with a flat plate antenna of same size The flat plate antenna generates less side lobes than parabolic reflector. Parabolic reflector directional but with large loss of energy through side lobes flat plate antenna directional with side lobe suppresion.

  • Question 172-28

    An amplitude modulation shown in figure 2069 The flat plate antenna generates less side lobes than parabolic reflector. Parabolic reflector directional but with large loss of energy through side lobes flat plate antenna directional with side lobe suppresion.

  • Question 172-29

    In his basic type a dipole antenna adapted a frequency of 110 mhz will have a wire of length of The flat plate antenna generates less side lobes than parabolic reflector. wavelength (in meter) = 300 / frequency (in mhz) wavelength (in meter) = 300 / 110 = 2 72 m (272 cm) a dipole antenna a wire of length equal to one half of wavelength 272 cm / 2 = 136 cm.

  • Question 172-30

    How the unit 'hertz' hz defined The number of electromagnetic oscillations per second. frequency the number of cycles occurring in one second in a radio wave expressed in hertz (hz) frequency normally given in hertz (hz) where 1 hz = 1 cycle/second a cycle defined as a complete series of values of a periodical process .

  • Question 172-31

    An ndb transmits on 427 khz the corresponding wavelength The number of electromagnetic oscillations per second. frequency (khz) = speed of light / wavelength (m) 427 khz = 300000 / wavelength (m) wavelength (m) = 300000 / 427 = 702 57 m.

  • Question 172-32

    An electromagnetic wave consists of an oscillating electric field e and an oscillating magnetic field h their propagation speed The number of electromagnetic oscillations per second. propagation speed the speed at which radio wave radiates through space depending upon electrical nature of medium through which it travels speed varies slightly we can assume a constant 'speed of light' value of 300 000 000 meters (162 000 nm) per second.

  • Question 172-33

    The electromagnetic waves refracted from e and f layers of ionosphere are called The number of electromagnetic oscillations per second. propagation speed the speed at which radio wave radiates through space depending upon electrical nature of medium through which it travels speed varies slightly we can assume a constant 'speed of light' value of 300 000 000 meters (162 000 nm) per second.

  • Question 172-34

    The simplest type of antenna construction a Dipole antenna which a wire of length equal to one half of wavelength. dipole antenna.

  • Question 172-35

    An electromagnetic wave consists of an oscillating electric field e and an oscillating magnetic field h which statement correct The (e) (h) fields are perpendicular to each other. dipole antenna.

  • Question 172-36

    The frequency which corresponds to a wavelength of 8 25 m The (e) (h) fields are perpendicular to each other. frequency (mhz) = 300 / wavelength (m) frequency = 300 / 8 25 m frequency = 36 36 mhz.

  • Question 172-37

    The frequency which corresponds to a wavelength of 3 km The (e) (h) fields are perpendicular to each other. frequency (f in khz) = 300000 / wavelength(m) frequency (f in khz) = 300000 / 3000(m) frequency (f in khz) = 100 khz.

  • Question 172-38

    Wavelength of frequency 117 95 mhz The (e) (h) fields are perpendicular to each other. wavelength (m) = 300000 / frequency (khz) wavelength (m) = 300 / frequency (mhz) wavelength (m) = 300 / 117 95 = 2 54 m.

  • Question 172-39

    Concerning wave propagation in ionosphere we denote three layers those three layers are D e f layers their depth varies with time. the ionosphere the ionized component of earth's upper atmosphere from 60 to 400 km above surface which vertically structured in three regions or layers (d e f).

  • Question 172-40

    Radio waves travel at D e f layers their depth varies with time. the ionosphere the ionized component of earth's upper atmosphere from 60 to 400 km above surface which vertically structured in three regions or layers (d e f).


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