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Given .magnetic track = 210°.magnetic heading = 215°.variation = 15°e.tas = ? [ Multiple protocol ]

Question 170-1 : 265°/50 kt 195°/50 kt 235°/50 kt 300°/30 kt

Admin .64 nm in 12 minutes > gs = 320 kt.on the computer .under index set true heading 230° and over center dot tas 360 kt .our true track is 225° so drift is 5° left .mark the point where the 5° left drift crosses the ground speed 320 kt .on the rotating scale you can read a wind of 265°/50 kt . 2531 exemple 270 265°/50 kt.265°/50 kt.

Given .aircraft at fl150 overhead an airport .elevation of airport 720 ft qnh ?

Question 170-2 : 15 300 ft 15 840 ft 14 160 ft 14 720 ft

Admin .at fl150 isa = 15°c 2°c x 15 = 15°c.oat is 5°c we are in air mass 10°c warmer than isa .changing subscale from 1013 hpa to 1003 hpa means that indicated altitude on the altimeter will decrease by 270 ft 10 hpa .15000 270 = 14730 ft .temperature correction .4 x 15 x 10 = 600 ft .14730 + 600 = 15330 ft 'plus' 600 ft because air mass is warmer than isa .maxscail .how do you find 4x15x10=600ft is it a formula . . this is the rule of thumb formula called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .this is an official formula given by easa for altitude/height calculations at the exam exemple 274 15 300 ft.15 300 ft.

An aircraft takes off from the aerodrome of brioude altitude 1483 ft qfe = 963 ?

Question 170-3 : 6 500 ft 6 800 ft 3 500 ft 4 000 ft

Admin .difference between 963 hpa and 1013 hpa is 50 hpa 50 hpa x 30 ft/hpa = 1500 ft .5000 + 1500 = 6500 ft .your altimeter indicates your pressure altitude not your true altitude this is the reason why we do not correct the temperature we only want to know the reading of the altimeter .note 061 general navigation learning objectives states for questions involving height calculation 30 ft/hpa is to be used unless another figure is specified in the question exemple 278 6 500 ft.6 500 ft.

Given .distance a to b is 360 nm .wind component a b is 15 kt wind component b ?

Question 170-4 : 165 nm 195 nm 180 nm 170 nm

Babar350 .e*o*h / o+h ..e endurance.o gs outnbound.h gs inbound..e = distance * o..eoh/ o+h = 2 18*165*195/ 360 is giving distance from etp from a 195 nm .the question is etp from b so 360 195 = 165 nm exemple 282 165 nm.165 nm.

Given .half way between two reporting points the navigation log gives the ?

Question 170-5 : 403 kt 354 kt 373 kt 360 kt

Admin .first step find the true heading .237° 5° deviation on this heading = magnetic heading 232°.232° 19° variation west = true heading 213°.put 360 kt in center dot under index set true heading 213° on the rotating scale set wind 330°/80kt . 2532.you read a ground speed of 403 kt .the answer will be more accurate on a real computer such as the aviat 617 for example exemple 286 403 kt.403 kt.

Given .an aircraft is on final approach to runway 32r 322° .the wind velocity ?

Question 170-6 : 328° 322° 316° 326°

Babar350 .maximum drift 60/95 x 20 = 12 63.actual drift max drift x sin 350 322 = 12 63 x sin 28 = 5 92°.mainting centre line is 322°+5 92 = 328° exemple 290 328°.328°.

An aircraft takes off from an airport 2 hours before sunset the pilot flies a ?

Question 170-7 : 97 nm 115 nm 105 nm 84 nm

Admin .resolve this question as a point of safe return question .point of safe return psr = endurance x homeward gs / outbound gs + homeward gs .outbound gs on the computer .when you start with a track under index you must first apply drift before read the ground speed . 1944.drift=8° left .set heading 098° 090° + 8° under index read outbound gs 86 kt .proceed on the same way to finde homeward gs 116 kt ..point of safe return psr = 2h x 116 / 86 + 116 .point of safe return psr = 1 148 h .1 148 x 86 kt = 98 7 nm exemple 294 97 nm.97 nm.

From the departure point the distance to the point of equal time is ?

Question 170-8 : Inversely proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back inversely proportional to the total distance to go inversely proportional to ground speed back

.distance to the point of equal time = d x gsh/ gso + gsh .where .d = distance between departure and arrival .gso = ground speed out .gsh = ground speed home exemple 298 Inversely proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back.Inversely proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back.

Given .required course 045° m .variation is 15°e.w/v is 190° t /30 kt.cas is ?

Question 170-9 : 055° and 147 kt 036° and 151 kt 052° and 154 kt 056° and 137 kt

Admin .at flight level 55 temperature in standard atmosphere is .15° 2° x 5 5 = 4°c.on the computer in airspeed window put 4ºc next to fl55 go to cas 120 kt on inner scale and read tas on outer scale 131 kt .now centre dot on tas 131 kt under true index put 190° wind direction and mark wind speed 30 kt below at 101 kt .then rotate to put true track 060° 045° + variation east under true index drift is 9° left it means that on this heading 060° the aircraft would be on a true track of 051° .rotate to put true track 060° under drift and note that drift has changed to 10° left as we turn the drift changes and on a heading of 070° we will have a 10° left drift .magnetic heading = 070° minus variation east = 055° .ground speed is under wind mark 147 kt exemple 302 055° and 147 kt.055° and 147 kt.

Given .airport elevation is 1000 ft .qnh is 988 hpa .what is the approximate ?

Question 170-10 : 1750 ft 320 ft 320 ft 680 ft

Admin .1013 988 = 25 hpa.25 hpa x 30 ft = 750 ft.1000 + 750 = 1750 ft exemple 306 1750 ft.1750 ft.

Given .true altitude 9000 ft.oat 32°c.cas 200 kt.the true air speed tas is ?

Question 170-11 : 220 kt 215 kt 200 kt 210 kt

Admin .you have first to convert true altitude in pressure altitude .you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .deviation from isa = 15°c 2 x 9 = 3°c. 3°c to 32°c = 29°c we are in isa 29°c .4% x 9 x 29 = 1044 ft.pressure altitude = 9000 + 1044 = 10044 ft 10000 ft .now in the airspeed window set 29°c in front of 10000 ft pressure alitude . 2523.read cas 200 kt on inner scale and corresponding tas 220 kt on outer scale exemple 310 220 kt.220 kt.

Given .course 040° t tas is 120 kt wind speed 30 kt .maximum drift angle will ?

Question 170-12 : 130° 145° 115° 120°

Admin .maximum drift is obtained when the wind is at a right angle from our course .040° + 90° = 130° .or.040° 90° = 310° exemple 314 130°.130°.

Given .cas 120 kt fl 80 oat +20°c .what is the tas ?

Question 170-13 : 141 kt 132 kt 120 kt 102 kt

Admin .in airspeed window set tempertaure +20° in front of pressure altitude fl80.on the outside scale in front of cas 120 kt you read tas=141 kt . 2533.cas = ias + correction for position and instrument error .instrument error is an eventual error of the airspeed indicator itself .position error is the error produced from the airflow around the static port wherever that is located and around the probe .at low speed we consider cas = ias exemple 318 141 kt.141 kt.

Route 'a' 44°n 026°e to 'b' 46°n 024°e forms an angle of 35° with ?

Question 170-14 : 322° 328° 032° 038°

.draw the situation . /com en/com061 399 jpg.initial true track from a to b will be 360° 35° = 325° .variation 3°e 325° 3° = 322° . variation west magnetic best variation east magnetic least exemple 322 322°.322°.

Given .compass heading 090° deviation 2°w variation 12°e tas 160 kt .whilst ?

Question 170-15 : 160°/50 kt 340°/25 kt 340°/98 kt 155°/25 kt

.first step search for the ground speed .14 nm in 6 minutes = 14/6 x60 = 140 kt .next step calculate drift . /com en/com061 484a jpg.drift x is 18° left 100° 082° .put 160 kt tas on center dot under true index set 100° heading . /com en/com061 484 jpg.where the ground speed crosses the 18° left drift line you read on the red scale a wind coming from 160° for 50 kt exemple 326 160°/50 kt.160°/50 kt.

Given .m 0 80 oat 50°c fl 330 gs 490 kt variation 20°w magnetic heading 140° ?

Question 170-16 : 020°/95 kt 025°/47 kt 200°/95 kt 025°/45 kt

Admin . 2064.tas is 462 kt .magnetic heading 140° variation 20°w = true heading 120° . 2061.read wind direction and force on the rotative scale exemple 330 020°/95 kt.020°/95 kt.

Given pressure altitude 29000 ft oat 55°c calculate the density altitude ?

Question 170-17 : 27500 ft 31000 ft 33500 ft 26000 ft

. /com en/com061 486 jpg. exemple 334 27500 ft.27500 ft.

An aircraft is flying at fl180 and the outside air temperature is 30°c if the ?

Question 170-18 : 195 kt 115 kt 180 kt 145 kt

Admin .in airspeed window put 30°c next to fl180 . 2056.in front of 150 kt on the inner scale read the tas 195 kt on the outer scale exemple 338 195 kt.195 kt.

Calibrated airspeed cas is indicated airspeed ias corrected for ?

Question 170-19 : Instrument error and position error temperature and pressure error compressibility error density

exemple 342 Instrument error and position error.Instrument error and position error.

An aircraft was over 'q' at 1320 hours flying direct to 'r' .given .distance ?

Question 170-20 : 2290 nm 2370 nm 1310 nm 1510 nm

Point of safe return psr = endurance x homeward gs / outbound gs + homeward gs .ground speed out = 480 90 = 390 kt.ground speed home = 480 + 75 = 555 kt.point of safe return psr = 10 x 555 / 390 + 555 .point of safe return psr = 5555 / 945.point of safe return psr = 5 878h.distance of the psr from the departure point at a speed of 390 kt .5 878h x 390 = 2292 nm exemple 346 2290 nm.2290 nm.

An aircraft is flying at fl150 with an outside air temperature of 30° above an ?

Question 170-21 : 13 660 ft 14 120 ft 17 160 ft 15 210 ft

Admin .you have to turn your altimeter subscale setting knob counterclockwise from 1013 to 993 .indicated altitude will be decreased by 20 hpa x 30 ft = 600 ft .15000 600 = 14400 ft .now we must correct for temperature .outside temperature is 30°c at fl150 .isa at fl150 is 15°c 15 x 2°c = 15°c .we are in isa 15°c .you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .an altimeter set to airport qnh will read correctly when on the ground at the airport irrespective of temperature .any temperature error therefore occurs due to non isa temperature in the layer of atmosphere between airport elevation and aircraft in flight .therefore .14400 1660 = 12740 ft.12740 x 0 04 x 1 5 = 764 ft .14400 764 = 13636 ft exemple 350 13 660 ft.13 660 ft.

Given .true track 239°.true heading 229°.tas 555 kt.g/s 577 kt.calculate the ?

Question 170-22 : 130°/100 kt 310°/100 kt 300°/100 kt 165°/100 kt

Admin .229° to true index.555 kt to center bore.with a true headin of 229° and a true track of 239° we have 10° right drift .pencil mark the intersection of the 10° right drift with the ground speed arc 577 kt . 2053.read the wind speed and wind direction 130°/100 kt exemple 354 130°/100 kt.130°/100 kt.

Given .true track 245°.drift 5° right.variation 3°e.compass heading 242° ?

Question 170-23 : 5°w 1°e 5°e 11°e

Admin . 2050.use this wonderful table for those questions exemple 358 5°w.5°w.

Given .true heading 090°.tas 180 kt.gs 180 kt.drift 5° right.the wind is ?

Question 170-24 : 005° / 15 kt 190° / 15 kt 355° / 15 kt 185° / 15 kt

Admin .set heading 090° undex index center dot on tas 180 kt . 2047.where right drift 5° crosses ground speed arc 180 kt read wind on the rotating scale 005°/15kt exemple 362 005° / 15 kt.005° / 15 kt.

Given .magnetic heading = 255°.variation = 40°w.gs = 375 kt.w/v = 235° t / ?

Question 170-25 : 6° left 3° right 6° right 9° left

Admin .the wind is coming in front of us our true air speed will be more than 375 kt .set wind index under true index and set 400 kt for example in center dot mark wind at 120 kt below the center dot on the rotating indicator. 2048.turn to put heading 215° 255° 40° under true index . 2046.shift the speed arc under the wind speed mark drift is 6° left and you also notice a tas of 490 kt . 2045 exemple 366 6° left.6° left.

Given .true track = 095° tas = 160 kt true heading = 087° gs = 130 kt ?

Question 170-26 : 057°/36 kt 237°/36 kt 307°/36 kt 124°/36 kt

exemple 370 057°/36 kt.057°/36 kt.

Given .true track 245°.drift 5° right.variation 3°e.compass heading 242° ?

Question 170-27 : 237° 243° 247° 253°

Admin . 2043.use this wonderful table for those questions .note compass heading 242° is given for nothing exemple 374 237°.237°.

Given .heading 265°.tas 290 kt.wind 210°/35 kt.calculate track and groundspeed ?

Question 170-28 : 271° and 272 kt 259° and 305 kt 260° and 315 kt 259° and 272 kt

Admin .center dot on tas 290 kt .true heading 265° under index.put wind direction under the red compass rose under 35 kt your drift is 6° right giving a track of 271° and a groundspeed under the wind mark of 272 kt . 2036 exemple 378 271° and 272 kt.271° and 272 kt.

An aircraft is flying at fl 200 oat is 0°c .when the actual air pressure on an ?

Question 170-29 : 21 200 ft 20 700 ft 19 300 ft 20 200 ft

Admin .isa at fl200 is 15°c 2°c x 20 = 25°c.oat is 0°c we are in isa +25°c .you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .0 04 x 19300 x 2 5 = 1930 ft .true altitude = 19300 + 1930 = 21230 ft exemple 382 21 200 ft.21 200 ft.

An aircraft must fly 2000 ft above an obstacle of which the elevation is 13 600 ?

Question 170-30 : 17 400 ft 14 080 ft 15 600 ft 19 400 ft

.the aircraft must be at a true height above the airfield of 13600 + 2000 1500 = 14100 ft ..at the airfield isa temperature is 15°c 1 5 x2°c = 12°c .temperature is report to be 20°c so we are in isa 32°c.temperature correction formula 4° x 14 1 x 32° = 1805 ft..the minimum height above the airfield is 14100 + 1805 ft = 15905 ft .now adding the 1500 ft of the airfield to have an altitude 15905 + 1500 = 17405 ft ...note qnh is calculated from the qfe reduced to mean sea level msl assuming isa conditions there is no temperature error between airfield elevation qfe and mean sea level msl exemple 386 17 400 ft.17 400 ft.

Consider the following factors that determine the accuracy of a dead rekoning ?

Question 170-31 : 1 2 3 and 4 1 and 2 1 2 and 3 1 2 and 4

exemple 390 1, 2, 3 and 4.1, 2, 3 and 4.

An aircraft is flying at fl100 .the oat = isa 15°c the qnh given by a station ?

Question 170-32 : 10 200 ft 10 000 ft 9 600 ft 7 200 ft

Admin .note 061 general navigation learning objectives states . for questions involving height calculation 30 ft/hpa is to be used unless another figure is specified in the question .you have to turn your altimeter subscale setting knob clockwise from 1013 to 1035 .indicated altitude will be increased by 22 hpa x 30 ft = 660 ft.10000 + 660 = 10660 ft .we now have to correct the temperature above the station .you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .4 ft x 10660 3000 /1000 x 15 = 460 ft.true altitude = 10660 460 = 10200 ft exemple 394 10 200 ft.10 200 ft.

An aircraft has to fly over a mountain ridge .the highest obstacle indicated in ?

Question 170-33 : 11 700 ft 11 100 ft 12 000 ft 11 200 ft

.9800 ft + 2000 ft = 11800 ft .we have to correct the temperature above the qfe datum .you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa . /com en/com061 613 jpg..deviation from isa = +5°c.4% x 5 6 x 5 = 112 ft..11800 ft 112 ft = 11688 ft .it is 'minus' 112 ft because air is hotter than standard true altitude is higher than indicated altitude exemple 398 11 700 ft.11 700 ft.

An aircraft is flying from a to b a distance of 50 nm .the true course in the ?

Question 170-34 : 17° 12° 5° 14°

Admin . 1798.with the forecasted wind we will fly at 130 kt ground speed .at 130 kt and 15 minutes of flight we will be at 32 5 nm from a .the question states 2 5 nm ahead of the dead reckoning position so we are at 35 nm from a .use the one in sixty rule .track error angle from a = 3 nm x 60 / 35 nm = 5° . it's the drift to applied in order to correct the wind .track error angle to join b from our current position = 3 nm x 60 / 15 nm = 12° .to reach destination b from this position the correction angle on the heading should be 5° + 12° = 17° exemple 402 17°.17°.

An aircraft is flying from a to b a distance of 50 nm .the true course in the ?

Question 170-35 : 17° 12° 5° 10°

.draw the exercice . /com en/com061 623 jpg.without wind at 120 kt and 15 minutes of flight we are at 32 5 nm from a .the question states 2 5 nm ahead of the dead reckoning position so we are at 35 nm from a .use the one in sixty rule .track error angle from a = 3 nm x 60 / 35 nm = 5° . it's the drift to applied in order to correct the wind .track error angle to join b from our current position = 3 nm x 60 / 15 nm = 12° .to reach destination b from this position the correction angle on the heading should be 5° + 12° = 17° exemple 406 17°.17°.

An aircraft is flying from a to b .the true course according to the flight log ?

Question 170-36 : 5°r 12°r 17°l 6°l

Frist step find the ground speed .place centre dot on 120 kt tas .place 225° wind direction under true index .make a wind mark on centre line 15 kt below centre dot at 105 kt .rotate to set 090° true track under true index .wind mark has moved to 5° left drift .rotate to lined up 090° with 5° left drift .wind mark has stayed at 5° left drift you find .true heading 095° .ground speed 130 kt . 130/60 x 15 min = 32 5 nm.actual aircraft position is 2 5 nm ahead dead reckoning position at 32 5 + 2 5 = 35 nm .track error angle = distance off track x 60 / distance along track.track error angle = 3 x 60 / 35.track error angle = 180 / 35 = 5° exemple 410 5°r5°r

On a true heading of 090° the aircraft experiences drift of 5°right on a true ?

Question 170-37 : 360°/17 kt 180°/17 kt 360°/34 kt 180°/34 kt

..since on a true heading of 180° there is no drift the wind is coming from 180° or 360° .under index set true heading 090° centre dot on tas 200 kt with the rotative scale set the 5°right drift . /com en/com061 627 jpg.read the wind 360°/17 kt exemple 414 360°/17 kt.360°/17 kt.

An aircraft is flying from salco to berry head on magnetic track 007° tas 445 ?

Question 170-38 : 21 nm 24 nm 23 nm 22 nm

.first step find the aircraft magnetic heading . /com en/com061 631 jpg.calculate the drift between our true track 002° and the true wind 050°/40 kt with your computer the drift is 4° left you have to apply a 4°right wind angle correction and also a ground speed of 415 kt ..from the aircraft at 1000 utc the locator is at 60° to the left 011° to 311° = 60° .from the aircraft at 1003 utc the locator is at 105° to the left 011° to 266° = 105° ..we have an isosceles triangle and in an isosceles triangle two sides are equal in length .in 45° in 3 minutes .415 kt/60 = 6 92 nm/min.3 min x 6 92 = 20 76 nm exemple 418 21 nm.21 nm.

An aircraft is flying at fl250 oat = 45°c the qnh given by a station at msl is ?

Question 170-39 : 23400 ft 24000 ft 25500 ft 26100 ft

.you have to turn your altimeter subscale setting knob counterclockwise from 1013 2 to 993 2 .indicated altitude will be decreased by 20 hpa x 30 ft = 600 ft .25000 ft 600 ft = 24400 ft.you can use either the computer or with the following rule of thumb called the '4% rule' .the altitude/height changes by 4% for each 10°c temperature deviation from isa .deviation from isa = 15° 2 x 25 = 35°c . 35°c to 45°c = 10°c we are in isa 10°c .0 04 x 24400 x 1 = 976 ft .true altitude = 24400 976 = 23424 ft .keep in mind that air is colder than standard thus the air column is contracted our true altitude is lower than our indicated altitude exemple 422 23400 ft.23400 ft.

A vor is situated at position n55°26' w005°42' .the variation at the vor is ?

Question 170-40 : 294° 276° 278° 296°

. /com en/com061 638 jpg.first step apply convergency .convergency = difference of longitude x sin mean latitude .convergency = 10°w 5°42'w x sin 60 +55°26' /2 .convergency = 4 35° x sin 57 5 = 3 67°.second step find true track vor .true track at vor = 101 5° + convergency = 101 5 + 3 67° = around 105° t .third step we must apply variation at the vor .105 + 9°w = 114° magnetic .last step we are looking for a radial .114° + 180° = 294° exemple 426 294°.294°.

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