An aircraft flies the following rhumb line tracks and distances from position 04°00'N 030°00'W 600 NM South then 600 NM East then 600 NM North then 600 NM West The ?
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What is the final position after the following rhumb line tracks and distances have been followed from position 60°00'N 030°00'W South for 3600 NM East for 3600 NM North for 3600 NM West for 3600 ?
Complete the following statement regarding magnetic variation The charted values of magnetic variation on earth normally change annually due to ?
In which two months of year the difference between transit of apparent s and mean s across greenwich meridian greatest Magnetic pole movement causing numerical values at all locations to increase or decrease. apparent solar time (or true solar time) given the daily apparent motion of true or observed sun it based on apparent solar day which the interval between two successive returns of sun to local meridian mean solar time conceptually the hour angle of fictitious mean sun the duration of daylight varies during year length of a mean solar day nearly constant unlike that of an apparent solar day true solar time duration between 23 h 59 min 39 s 24 h 0 min 30 s because many of these long or short days occur in succession difference builds up so that mean time greater than apparent time about 16 minutes in february mean time less than apparent time about 16 minutes in november the difference between transit of apparent sun mean sun across greenwich meridian the greatest in february november. 
What the highest latitude listed below at which s will reach an altitude of 90° above horizon at some time during year Magnetic pole movement causing numerical values at all locations to increase or decrease. the axis of earth tilted 23 5° degrees from 'vertica this causes northern hemisphere to be tilted toward sun during half year tilted away from sun other half of year the sun vertical (perpendicular to surface or as states an altitude of 90° above horizon ) at 23 5°s 23 5°n solstices. 
Assuming mid latitudes 40° to 50°n/s at which time of year the relationship between length of day and night as well as rate of change of declination of s changing at greatest rate Spring equinox autumn equinox. the length of daylight/night at a given latitude varies with declination of sun the greatest rate of change of declination when sun crossing equator at spring autumn equinox the rate of change of length of daylight will therefore be greatest when rate of change of declination greatest. 
At what approximate date the earth closest to s perihelion Beginning of january. . Question 155-8
At what approximate date the earth furthest from s aphelion Beginning of january. the aphelion the point in orbit of a planet or comet where it farthest from sun. Question 155-9
An aircraft at position 60°n 005°w tracks 090° t 315 km on completion of flight longitude will be Beginning of january. 315 km = 170 nm 170 / cos 60 = 340' 340' = 5° 40' 60°n 005°w 5° 40' = 60°n 000°40'e. Question 155-10
The 'departure' between positions 60°n 160°e and 60°n 'x' 900 nm what the longitude of 'x' Beginning of january. distance = change in longitude x cos latitude 900 nm = change in longitude x cos 60 therefore change in longitude = 900 / 0 5 change in longitude = 1800' 1800' / 60' = 30° if position 'x' west 160°e 30° = 130° if position 'x' east 160°e + 30° = 170°w. Question 155-11
An aircraft at latitude 02°20'n tracks 180° t 685 km on completion of flight latitude will be Beginning of january. on a meridian 1° = 60 nm we are heading south 685 km / 1 852 = 370 nm 370 / 60 = 6 16° 0 16° x 60 = 10' (exactly 9 6 min) 02°20'n 6°10' = 03°50's . Question 155-12
An aircraft at latitude 10° south flies north at a gs of 890 km/h what will its latitude be after 1 5h Beginning of january. 1° of longitude = 60 nm ground speed 890 km/h or 890 /1 852 = 480 kt 480 x 1 5h = 720 nm travelled 720/60 = 12° you are 10° south of equator you are travelling north you will reach equator after 10° you are now in northern hemisphere you travel another 2° to arrive at 02°00'n. Question 155-13
An aircraft at latitude 10°north flies south at a groundspeed of 445 km/h what will be its latitude after 3 h Beginning of january. 1° of longitude = 60 nm ground speed 445 km/h or 445 /1 852 = 240 kt 240 x 3h = 720 nm travelled 720/60 = 12° you are 10° north of equator you are travelling south you will reach equator after 10° you are now in southern hemisphere you travel another 2° to arrive at 02°00's. Question 155-14
An aircraft flying in shortest possible way between point 1 and 2 and between point 2 and 3 point 1 60°n 30°wpoint 2 60°n 20°wpoint 3 60°n 10°wthe track change when passing point 2 will be approximately Beginning of january. the aircraft follows a great circle track which on polar side of rhumb line track givry correction = 1/2 x 10° x sin60° = 4 33 east track depart point 1 on heading 090° 4 33 = 85 67° at halfway between point 1 point 2 85 67 + 4 33 = 090° arriving point 2 on heading 90° + 4 33 = 94 33° crossing point 2 on course to point 3 we perform same heading change when we have left point 1 the track change when passing point 2 will be approximately 94 33° 85 67 = 8 66° (minus 9° changes) . Question 155-15
At magnetic equator when accelerating after take off on heading west a direct reading pivot suspended compass Indicates correct heading. magnetic dip the angle between horizontal vertical forces acting on a compass needle toward nearer pole a direct reading compass has a pivoted magnet that free to aligne itself with horizontal component of earth's magnetic field the compass pendulous symmetrical will sit level if there no magnetic field or if field horizontal with no vertical component of earth's magnetic force as on magnetic equator in fact pendulosity helps to counteract effect of dip trying to keep compass card level but because cg under pivot point accelerating makes bulk of compass lag behind machine displace cg aft of pivot point if you were just going north or south all you would get extra dip but if you are going east or west north bit of compass pointing to side of aircraft the displaced cg not being vertically in line with pivot point ges towards north to create a couple that makes compass turn clockwise to read less than 90° during turn a deceleration has opposite effect acceleration errors are maximum on eat/west headings near magnetic poles nil on north/south headings at equator a mnemonic the effect of acceleration error the word 'ands ' (acceleration north deceleration south ) acceleration causes an indication toward north deceleration causes an indication toward south. Question 155-16
The circumference of parallel of latitude at 60°n approximately Indicates correct heading. 360° x 60 nm x cos 60 = 10 800 nm. Question 155-17
Given position 'a' n60 w020 position 'b' n60 w021 position 'c' n59 w020 what are respectively distances from a to b and from a to c Indicates correct heading. at equator 1° = 60 nm from a to b = 1° change of longitude distance in nm 1° change of longitude = 1° x 60 nm x cos latitude distance in nm 1° change of longitude = 1° x 60 nm x cos60° = 30 nm from a to c = 1° change of latitude distance in nm 1° change of latitude = 1° x 60 nm = 60 nm. Question 155-18
The coordinates of heliport at issy les moulineaux are n48°50' e002°16 5' what are coordinates of position directly on opposite side of earth S48°5 ' w 77°43 5'. on opposite side of earth latitude will be same of our position but south on opposite side of earth longitude must be west 180° 002°16 5' = 177° 43 5' if you want to check use funny tool tunnel to other side of the earth. Question 155-19
Isogonals are lines of equal S48°5 ' w 77°43 5'. isogonic lines connect positions that have same variation agonic line a line which joins all points where value of magnetic variation zero. Question 155-20
At a specific location value of magnetic variation Varies slowly over time. isogonic lines connect positions that have same variation agonic line a line which joins all points where value of magnetic variation zero. Question 155-21
Parallels of latitude except equator are Varies slowly over time. isogonic lines connect positions that have same variation agonic line a line which joins all points where value of magnetic variation zero. Question 155-22
Given a n55° 000°b n54° e010°the average true course of great circle 100° the true course of rhumbline at point a Varies slowly over time. they specificaly state 'the average true course' loxodrome track (rhumb line) true course between 2 points will be same as average great circle track (orthodrome) between those 2 points. Question 155-23
Given position 'a' n00° e100° position 'b' 240° t 200 nm from 'a' what the position of 'b' Varies slowly over time. on a bearing of 240°t from a to b it means b will be south of a (south of equator) to west of 100°e (longitude less than 100°e) only one answer satisfies this. Question 155-24
The angle between magnetic north and compass north called Varies slowly over time. learn composition of this table . Question 155-25
The north and south magnetic poles are only positions on earth's surface where A freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical. diagrammatic representation of earth's magnetic field illustrating how field lines (represented arrows) intersect earth's surface how inclination angle (the angle formed between field lines the earth) varies with latitude at magnetic equator (the curving line across earth) field lines are parallel to earth's surface the field lines become progressively steeper as one travels north toward magnetic pole where field lines are directed straight down into earth the inclination angle 90° the force acting on compass needle directly proportional to horizontal component of earth's field inversely proportional to vertical component of earth's at magnetic poles earth's magnetic field perpendicular to earth's surface magnetic dip 90° at magnetic poles (a dip needle stands vertical). Question 155-26
Value the flattening of earth 1/298 earth's semi major axis as measured at equator equals 6378 4 km what the semi minor axis km of earth at axis of poles A freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical. ratio of ellipticity e = (a b)/a = 1/298 6378 4 (6378 4 / 298) = 6356 99 km. Question 155-27
Morning civil twilight begins when The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. morning civil twilight the period in morning from centre of sun 6° below horizon until upper limb of sun appears at horizon. Question 155-28
How many small circles can be drawn between any two points on a sphere The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. morning civil twilight the period in morning from centre of sun 6° below horizon until upper limb of sun appears at horizon. Question 155-29
An aircraft following 45°n parallel of latitude the track followed a The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. morning civil twilight the period in morning from centre of sun 6° below horizon until upper limb of sun appears at horizon. Question 155-30
A rhumb line on a direct mercator chart appears as a The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. on a direct mercator chart meridians are parallel equally spaced vertical straight lines rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course. Question 155-31
A great circle on earth running from north pole to south pole called The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. on a direct mercator chart meridians are parallel equally spaced vertical straight lines rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course. Question 155-32
If you are flying along a parallel of latitude you are flying The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. on a direct mercator chart meridians are parallel equally spaced vertical straight lines rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course. Question 155-33
What the rhumb line distance between two positions on latitude 60°n that are separated 10° of longitude The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. 10° x 60 nm x cos 60 = 300 nm. Question 155-34
What the length of one degree of longitude at latitude 60° south The centre of sun 6° below celestial horizon. 1° = 60 nm on equator 1° = 60 nm x cos of latitude 1° = 60 nm x cos 60 = 30 nm. Question 155-35
The initial great circle track from a to b 080° and rhumb line track 083° what the initial great circle track from b to a and in which hemisphere are two positions located 266° in northern hemisphere. we can only be in northern hemisphere if great circle track smaller than rhumb line track easterly tracks conversion angle 3° (083° 080°) it half of convergency thus convergency 6° our great circle track at b will be 086° initial great circle track from b will be 086°+180° = 266°. Question 155-36
The great circle track measured at a 45°00'n 010°00'w from a to b 45°00'n 019°00'w approximately 266° in northern hemisphere. Conversion angle = 1/2 g sin mean latitude where g = change of longitude = 10°w to 19°w = 9° 1/2 x 9° x sin 45° = 3 18° we are going west so rhumb line 270° the great circle track at a 270° + 3° = 273° how to find if we have to add or retract conversion angle correction ? it's very simple look at shape of a great circle track in north south hemisphere. Question 155-37
When time 2000 utc it 4 lmt at 9 ° west. lmt local mean time you must check all answers 0800 lmt at prime meridian wrong 20h00 gmt at prime meridian = 20h00 lmt at prime meridian 2400 lmt at 120° west wrong 120° 4 minutes per degree 120 x 4 = 480 minutes (8h) 20h00 gmt at prime meridian going west so minus 8h it 12h00 lmt at 120° west 1200 lmt at 60° east wrong 60° 4 minutes per degree 60 x 4 = 240 minutes (4h) 20h00 gmt at prime meridian going east so plus 4h it 24h00 lmt at 60° east 1400 lmt at 90° west correct 90° 4 minutes per degree 90 x 4 = 360 minute (6h)s 20h00 gmt at prime meridian going west so minus 6h it 14h00 lmt at 90° west. Question 155-38
The distance along a meridian between 63°55'n and 13°47's 4 lmt at 9 ° west. 1° of longitude = 1 minute = 60 nm 63°55' + 13°47' = 77°42' 77° x 60 + 42 nm = 4662 nm. Question 155-39
In which occasions does rhumb line track and great circle track coincide on surface of earth On tracks directly north south on east west tracks along equator. 1° of longitude = 1 minute = 60 nm 63°55' + 13°47' = 77°42' 77° x 60 + 42 nm = 4662 nm. Question 155-40
In northern hemisphere rhumb line track from position a to b 230° covergency 6° and difference in longitude 10° what the initial rhumb line track from b to a On tracks directly north south on east west tracks along equator. The rhumb line track from a to b 230° so rhumb line from b to a the opposite 050° (230 180) convergency difference in longitude are useful great circle calculation only remember rhumb lines or loxodromes are tracks of constant true course great circle the shortest distance between two points.
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