On a clear summer day turbulence caused by solar heating is most pronounced ?
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Clear ice forms as a result of ?
The type of icing that occurs in dense clouds with large supercooled drops that have a temperature of 5°C is most likely to be ?
Below a low level inversion visibility often Moderate or poor because there no vertical exchange. 
Given following metar eddm 250850z 33005kt 2000 r26r/p1500n r26l/1500n br sct002 ovc003 05/05 q1025 nosigwhich of following statements correct Visibility reduced water droplets. icao annex 3 meteorological service 4 3 6 6 recommendation in metar speci when instrumented systems are used the assessment of runway visual range variations in runway visual range during 10 minute period immediately preceding observation should be included as follows if runway visual range values during 10 minute period have shown a distinct tendency such that mean during first 5 minutes varies 100 m or more from mean during second 5 minutes of period this should be indicated when variation of runway visual range values shows an upward or downward tendency this should be indicated the abbreviation 'u' or ' respectively in circumstances when actual fluctuations during 10 minute period show no distinct tendency this should be indicated using abbreviation 'n' when indications of tendency are not available no abbreviations should be included r26r/p1500n r26l/1500n 'n' = rvr has not changed in last 10 minutes before report r26r/p 1500n rvr on 26r more than 1500 m r26l/1500n rvr on 26l 1500 m br = mist (mist made up of water droplets). 
Flight visibility from cockpit during approach in a tropical downpour can decrease to minimal Visibility reduced water droplets. icao annex 3 meteorological service 4 3 6 6 recommendation in metar speci when instrumented systems are used the assessment of runway visual range variations in runway visual range during 10 minute period immediately preceding observation should be included as follows if runway visual range values during 10 minute period have shown a distinct tendency such that mean during first 5 minutes varies 100 m or more from mean during second 5 minutes of period this should be indicated when variation of runway visual range values shows an upward or downward tendency this should be indicated the abbreviation 'u' or ' respectively in circumstances when actual fluctuations during 10 minute period show no distinct tendency this should be indicated using abbreviation 'n' when indications of tendency are not available no abbreviations should be included r26r/p1500n r26l/1500n 'n' = rvr has not changed in last 10 minutes before report r26r/p 1500n rvr on 26r more than 1500 m r26l/1500n rvr on 26l 1500 m br = mist (mist made up of water droplets). 
Which of following factors have greatest effect on formation of various types of ice on an aircraft Cloud temperature droplet size. icao annex 3 meteorological service 4 3 6 6 recommendation in metar speci when instrumented systems are used the assessment of runway visual range variations in runway visual range during 10 minute period immediately preceding observation should be included as follows if runway visual range values during 10 minute period have shown a distinct tendency such that mean during first 5 minutes varies 100 m or more from mean during second 5 minutes of period this should be indicated when variation of runway visual range values shows an upward or downward tendency this should be indicated the abbreviation 'u' or ' respectively in circumstances when actual fluctuations during 10 minute period show no distinct tendency this should be indicated using abbreviation 'n' when indications of tendency are not available no abbreviations should be included r26r/p1500n r26l/1500n 'n' = rvr has not changed in last 10 minutes before report r26r/p 1500n rvr on 26r more than 1500 m r26l/1500n rvr on 26l 1500 m br = mist (mist made up of water droplets). Question 147-8
Hoar frost most likely to form when Taking off from an airfield with a significant ground inversion (sky clear). hoar frost will form in clear air when an aircraft has been parked overnight in sub zero temperatures will form when an aircraft flies from sub zero temperature air into warm moist air such as in descent or climbing through a temperature inversion layer example of hoar frost on a cessna aircraft on an airbus a319. Question 147-9
Two aircraft one with a sharp wing profile s and other with a thick profile t are flying through same cloud with same true airspeed the cloud consists of small supercooled droplets which of following statements most correct concerning ice accretion Aircraft s experiences more icing than t. ice tends to accrete on airfoils in different ways depending on airfoil aoa other aircraft variables a sharp wing profile a high performance profil with a shallow boundary layer the boundary layer that surrounds a thick profile deeper than a sharp wing profile most of super cooled droplets that penetrate this layer are centrifuged off again only a small proportion form ice on leading edge. Question 147-10
While descending through a cloud cover at high level a small amount of a white and rough powderlike contamination detected along leading edge of wing this contamination called Aircraft s experiences more icing than t. rime ice forms through freezing onto aircraft surfaces of small supercooled water drops during formation of rime ice in flight water droplets freeze rapidly do not spread out the question gives a good description of formation of rime ice clear ice mixed ice hoar frost would not be confined to leading edges. Question 147-11
A small supercooled cloud droplet that collides with an airfoil will most likely Freeze immediately create rime ice. rime ice small supercooled water droplets accumulating forward of direction of airstream (they freeze immediately) granular texture clear ice large supercooled water droplets spreading(travel back) during freezing process gradually increasing weight difficult to remove. Question 147-12
A flight to depart from an airport with runways 09 and 27 surface wind 270/05 an inversion reported at 300 feet with turbulence and wind shear the wind just above inversion 090/30 what the safest departure procedure Depart on runway 9 with a tailwind. when tailwind component no greater than 10 kt most of commercial aircraft depart with tailwind allowed just after thin inversion layer you will take benefit of headwind to quickly leave turbulence area behind below you. Question 147-13
The turbulence which occurs at high flight levels above fl 250 mainly of type clear air turbulence in what way can moderate to severe clear air turbulence affect an aircraft flight and passengers The turbulence a small scale one can cause damage the manoeuvring of aircraft will be made more difficult or even impossible for passengers flight will be unpleasant. turbulence can occur in clear air particularly near tropopause clear air turbulence (cat) associated with jet streams standing waves air surrounding cumulo nimbus (cb) cloud upper level troughs sometimes upper level ridges it caused horizontal or vertical windshear can lead to stalling loss of control airframe damage. Question 147-14
Aircraft struck lightning may sometimes get considerable damage and at least temporarily manoeuvring of aircraft will be made more difficult which one of following statements correct Aircraft made composite material may get severe damage crew may be blinded temporarily lose hearing. lightning regularly strikes airplanes any aircraft whatever construction may be struck lightning can get considerable damage protection begins with fact that airliners the majority of other airplanes are made of aluminium which a very good electrical conductor a lightning bolt's electricity flows along airplane's skin into air the boeing 787 aircraft an aircraft made composite material it far more vulnerable to lightning strikes the energy deposited in a typical lightning strike involves tens of kv 10000 200000 amperes occurring in a fraction of a second without some type of shielding or conductive path (conductive material added to composites) electrically insulated carbon fiber/ epoxy composites can be damaged particularly at entry exit points the strike the aircraft instrumentation can also be damaged in such an event extra shielding often necessary composite aircraft due to high intensity of flash light crew may be blinded temporarily lose hearing due to impact noise. Question 147-15
The most dangerous icing conditions are encountered in Supercooled precipitation. lightning regularly strikes airplanes any aircraft whatever construction may be struck lightning can get considerable damage protection begins with fact that airliners the majority of other airplanes are made of aluminium which a very good electrical conductor a lightning bolt's electricity flows along airplane's skin into air the boeing 787 aircraft an aircraft made composite material it far more vulnerable to lightning strikes the energy deposited in a typical lightning strike involves tens of kv 10000 200000 amperes occurring in a fraction of a second without some type of shielding or conductive path (conductive material added to composites) electrically insulated carbon fiber/ epoxy composites can be damaged particularly at entry exit points the strike the aircraft instrumentation can also be damaged in such an event extra shielding often necessary composite aircraft due to high intensity of flash light crew may be blinded temporarily lose hearing due to impact noise. Question 147-16
After a prolonged vmc descent in very cold air you penetrate a humid air mass what type of icing will you encounter Supercooled precipitation. there no rain or snow we are only flying through a humid air mass this situation similar to an aircraft parked outside on a cold winter night which will see hoar frost formed from moist air on airframe at morning example of hoar frost on a cessna aircraft on an airbus a319. Question 147-17
An aircraft flies into supercooled rain in an area with a temperature below 0°c the type of icing it will most likely encounter Supercooled precipitation. there no rain or snow we are only flying through a humid air mass this situation similar to an aircraft parked outside on a cold winter night which will see hoar frost formed from moist air on airframe at morning example of hoar frost on a cessna aircraft on an airbus a319. Question 147-18
An aircraft flying at fl 45 oat 6°c obtains a reading of 1860 ft on its radio altimeter ground elevation 3090 ft what the value of qnh to nearest hpa at that point Supercooled precipitation. 3090 + 1860 = 4950 ft 4950 4500 = 450 ft 450 ft / 27ft/hpa = 17 hpa qnh = 1013 + 17 = 1030 hpa. Question 147-19
Assuming that an initial 'trigger' force present conditions most likely to result in formation of thunderstorms are High relative humidity instability throughout a deep layer. 3090 + 1860 = 4950 ft 4950 4500 = 450 ft 450 ft / 27ft/hpa = 17 hpa qnh = 1013 + 17 = 1030 hpa. Question 147-20
Convective weather phenomena include Thunderstorms hail tornadoes wind gusts heavy showers lightning strikes. 3090 + 1860 = 4950 ft 4950 4500 = 450 ft 450 ft / 27ft/hpa = 17 hpa qnh = 1013 + 17 = 1030 hpa. Question 147-21
For a vfr aircraft conditions in which it could encounter severe airframe icing are Flight into freezing rain resulting in clear ice formation. 3090 + 1860 = 4950 ft 4950 4500 = 450 ft 450 ft / 27ft/hpa = 17 hpa qnh = 1013 + 17 = 1030 hpa. Question 147-22
Hazardous hailstones reaching ground are most likely to be experienced below cb clouds situated In continental interiors in middle latitudes. hail can be met at any height in cb since air temperature just above sea (equator middle latitudes) above ground near equator positive you are less likely to encounter hazardous hailstones below cb clouds severe skin damage to airframe can occur when hail large damaging hail can occur up to a height of 45000 feet. Question 147-23
Ice accretion to airframe likely to be most hazardous at temperatures Between °c 23°c in large cu. the most severe icing clear ice clear ice will form in stratus between 0ºc 7ºc but in cumulus larger droplet size will give clear ice at temperature between 0ºc ?23ºc. Question 147-24
In a mountainous area most hazardous flying conditions associated with standing waves are likely to be experienced In vicinity of 'rol cloud or rotor zone beneath first wave on leeward side. the most severe icing clear ice clear ice will form in stratus between 0ºc 7ºc but in cumulus larger droplet size will give clear ice at temperature between 0ºc ?23ºc. Question 147-25
In addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range conditions most favourable to development of standing waves are Wind speed excess of 2 kt at surface increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to general direction of range. standing waves = orographic waves = mountain waves in addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range conditions most favourable to development of standing waves are wind speed excess of 20 kt at surface increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to general direction of range. Question 147-26
Mountain waves should be expected On downwind side of mountain chain. standing waves = orographic waves = mountain waves in addition to a stable layer of air over a substantial mountain range conditions most favourable to development of standing waves are wind speed excess of 20 kt at surface increasing with height wind direction perpendicular to general direction of range. Question 147-27
The conditions most favourable to formation of mountain waves are Wind direction approximately at right angles to mountain range wind speed 3 kt steadily increasing with height an inversion just above crest level with less stable air above below. the most favourable conditions are a strong wind perpendicular to mountain increasing with altitude a layer of stable air with less stable air above below it. Question 147-28
The formation of clear ice on leading edges of an aircraft most likely to be caused the Relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets. clear ice forms on an aircraft the freezing of large supercooled water drops (supercooled water droplets spreading travel back during freezing process). Question 147-29
Thunderstorms are often preceded Altocumulus castellanus. the presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates instability in middle troposphere. Question 147-30
Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during Altocumulus castellanus. the presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates instability in middle troposphere. Question 147-31
What intensity and type of airframe icing most likely to occur when aircraft descend rapidly from fl 320 temperature 45°c to fl 60 in warm moist clear air Light or moderate hoar frost. the presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates instability in middle troposphere. Question 147-32
What intensity and type of airframe icing most likely to occur when flying at fl 170 in as with outside air temperature at 20°c Light or moderate hoar frost. the presence of altocumulus castellanus indicates instability in middle troposphere. Question 147-33
What a microburst downburst A concentrated downdraft with high speeds a lower temperature than surrounding air. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-34
What visibility most likely to be experienced at 1400 utc eddf 272200z 280624 vrb05kt4000 br sct005 ovc013 becmg 1314 9000 shra ovc015 prob40 tempo 1416 vrb15g25kt 1600 tsra ovc010cb becmg 1618 26010kt bkn030 becmg 2122 cavok A concentrated downdraft with high speeds a lower temperature than surrounding air. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-35
Which statement correct concerning a mountain ridge where a marked mountain wave has been reported Ragged altocumulus lenticularis an indication the presence of moderate/severe turbulence at level of these clouds. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-36
Which thunderstorms move forward fastest Frontal thunderstorms. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-37
Which weather chart gives information about icing Significant weather chart. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-38
Lenticular clouds in mountainous areas indicate Significant weather chart. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-39
Which of following statements about lightnings and lightning strikes correct The aircraft temporarily part of lightning trajectory. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further. Question 147-40
Which of following situations favours formation of heavy thunderstorms A cold front approaching a mountain range in evening. a microburst/downburst a localized area of damaging winds caused air rapidly flowing down out of a thunderstorm a microburst occurs when cold air high in a thunderstorm descends accelerates as stream of cold air reaches ground it spreads out can accelerate even further.
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