An aircraft maintains a constant indicated altitude of 5500 FT from A 1050 FT/AMSL QNH 968 hPa to B 650 FT/AMSL QNH 1016 hPa Assuming that the altimeter subscale ?
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An aircraft maintains a constant indicated altitude of 6500 FT from A 600 FT/AMSL QNH 1012 hPa to B 930 FT/AMSL QNH 977 hPa Assuming that the altimeter subscale setting remains unchanged at 1012 ?
An aircraft maintains a constant indicated altitude of 7500 FT from A 270 FT/AMSL QNH 1021 hPa to B 1650 FT/AMSL QNH 983 hPa The altimeter sub scale setting remains unchanged at 1021 hPa the actual ?
Between mean sea level and a height of 20 km lowest temperature in icao standard atmosphere isa the altimeter subscale setting remains unchanged at 1021 hpa difference at b 983 1021 = 38 hpa x 27 ft = 1026 ft 7500 ft 1650 ft = 5850 ft actual height of aircraft above surface at b will be 5850 ft 1026 ft = 4824 ft dadoki for better logical understanding you've got 1021hpa set on altimeter when you arrive at position b you realize to change your altimeter height set it to 983 hpa to do it of course you turn anticlockwise knob height decreasing on your altimeter altimeter went down about 1026 ft because you've just turned knob anticlockwise (downwards) so you get 6474 ft (7500 1026) to adjust it to elevation of point b you subtract elevation so 6474 1650 = 4824ft (if you have a situation where point a has a lower qnh like 970 hpa you will get at point with higher qnh like 1020 hpa so you are about to turn knob clockwise or upwards to get height in this case difference 50 hpa therefore 50 x 27 = 1350 ft then you just add this difference again subtract elevation of point b or present point). 
Considering north atlantic area north of 60°n during winter mean height of tropopause approximately the tropopause at top of troposphere it marks boundary between troposphere the next atmospheric layer stratosphere the tropopause defined as being that part of atmosphere where temperature no longer decreases with height 29000 ft approximately 9 km the average height of tropopause over equator 16 km 8 km over poles at 60°n mean height of tropopause approximately 29 000 ft. 
Considering north atlantic at latitude 50°n during winter mean height of tropopause approximately the tropopause at top of troposphere it marks boundary between troposphere the next atmospheric layer stratosphere the tropopause defined as being that part of atmosphere where temperature no longer decreases with height 31 000 ft approximately 9 5 km the average height of tropopause over equator 16 km 8 km over poles at 50°n mean height of tropopause approximately 31 000 ft. 
If qfe qnh and qff of an airport have same value The airport must be at msl. qfe qnh qff will all be at same pressure having same value it can occur only if airport at msl temperature or pressure can differ from isa at msl there no incidence. Question 124-8
In relation to total weight of atmosphere weight of atmosphere between mean sea level and a height of 5500 m The airport must be at msl. 50% of atmosphere mass below an altitude of 5500 m 90% of atmosphere mass below an altitude of 16 km 99 99997% of atmosphere mass below 100 km. Question 124-9
The icao standard atmosphere isa assumes that temperature will reduce at rate of 98°c per ft up to 36 9 ft after which it remains constant to 656 7 ft. 50% of atmosphere mass below an altitude of 5500 m 90% of atmosphere mass below an altitude of 16 km 99 99997% of atmosphere mass below 100 km. Question 124-10
With all other quantities being constant density of atmosphere increases with increasing 98°c per ft up to 36 9 ft after which it remains constant to 656 7 ft. density depends on pressure temperature density proportional to air pressure inversely proportional to temperature. Question 124-11
You are flying over sea at fl 250 and measure an outside temperature of 50°c the pressure at sea level 1023 hpa what your approximate true altitude calculated using normal vertical change in temperature with increase in height 98°c per ft up to 36 9 ft after which it remains constant to 656 7 ft. The following rules shall be considered altimetry calculations the value the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level 27 ft (8 m) per 1 hpa to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used (the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa) 1023 1013 = 10 hpa 10 x 27 = 270 ft 25000 ft + 270 ft = 25270 ft altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa temperature correction = 4 x 25 27 x 15 temperature correction minus 1516 2 ft since air colder than isa we are looking our true altitude (our altimeter remains at fl250 setting 1013) our approximate true altitude 25270 1516 = 23754 ft close enough to result desired. Question 124-12
You are flying at fl 200 outside air temperature 40°c and pressure at sea level 1033 hpawhat the true altitude 98°c per ft up to 36 9 ft after which it remains constant to 656 7 ft. 1033 1013 = 20 hpa x 27 ft = 540 ft in isa conditions altitude 20540 ft oat will be 15°c (2°c x 20) = 25°c oat 40°c to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used (the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa) 4% x 20 54 x 15 = 1232 ft 20540 1232 = 19308 ft (minus 1232 ft because air mass colder than isa). Question 124-13
You are flying at fl 160 outside air temperature 27°c and pressure at sea level 1003 hpa what the true altitude 98°c per ft up to 36 9 ft after which it remains constant to 656 7 ft. 1013 1003 = 10 hpa x 27 ft = 270 ft in isa conditions altitude 15730 ft oat will be 15°c (2°c x 16) = 17°c oat 27°c to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used (the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa) 4% x 15 73 x 10 = 629 ft 15730 629 = 15101 ft (minus 629 ft because air mass colder than isa). Question 124-14
Which statement concerning tropopause correct The layer just above tropopause absolutely stable. the layer just above tropopause absolutely stable (from 12 km to 25 km temperature does not vary with height it an isothermal layer where we have absolute stability) note icao standard atmosphere does not state that tropopause has different heights around earth (tropopause constant at 11 km icao). Question 124-15
Pressure altitude obtained Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. 1013 25 hpa the isa mean sea level pressure also known as 'standard pressure setting' in non isa conditions 1013 25 hpa pressure level will be above or below mean sea level the standard pressure setting used as an altimeter setting above transition altitude. Question 124-16
What approximately temperature at 20000 ft in icao standard atmosphere Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. the icao standard atmosphere (isa) assumes that temperature will reduce at rate of 1 98°c per 1000 ft up to 36090 ft after which it remains constant to 65617 ft the icao standard atmosphere (isa) also states 'at msl temperature 15°c pressure 1013 25 hpa' for calculation we will assume a cooling rate of 2° per 1000 ft 15°c (20 x 2°c) = 25°c. Question 124-17
What the most probable temperature at tropical tropopause Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. the tropopause at top of troposphere it marks boundary between troposphere the next atmospheric layer stratosphere the tropopause defined as being that part of atmosphere where temperature no longer decreases with height the temperature at tropopause can be as high as 40°c over poles as low as 80°c over equator the average height of tropopause at about 11 km where its temperature 56 5°c above tropical regions (15° 30° n s) most probable temperature 75°c. Question 124-18
What the average temperature difference from isa at fl 300 between edinburgh and madrid 339 Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. from edinburg to madrid at fl300 temperatures are (49 + 48 + 47 + 47 + 46 + 46 + 47)/7 = 47°c isa temperature at fl300 is 15º (2º x 30) = 45ºc average oat (outside air temperature) 2°c colder than isa. Question 124-19
Considering route between valencia and charleston at fl 340 forecast mean temperature 342 Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. at fl340 between valencia charleston average temperature around 50°c pick up some temperatures close to track (48+56+50+50+45+50+46+48+57)/9 = 50°c (minus 50°c). Question 124-20
The temperature lapse rate of standard atmosphere in troposphere Setting altimeter to standard sea level pressure. at fl340 between valencia charleston average temperature around 50°c pick up some temperatures close to track (48+56+50+50+45+50+46+48+57)/9 = 50°c (minus 50°c). Question 124-21
The radiosonde can directly measure Atmospheric pressure air temperature humidity. pressure temperature humidity are measured using three capacitative sensors a radiosonde ('sonde' french probe) a unit use in weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters transmits them to a fixed receiver wind speed direction are not directly measured the radiosonde wind speed direction can be determined from additional windfinding equipment these parameters are calculated from position of sonde at successive time intervals. Question 124-22
Flight from lisbon lppt to kingston mkjp at 40°n 20°w temperature deviation from isa at fl 390 2534 Atmospheric pressure air temperature humidity. 56 7 considered to be lowest isa temperature so temperature deviation from isa at fl 390 0°. Question 124-23
At which pressure and temperature conditions may you safely assume that minimum usable flight level at least lies at same height as minimum safe altitude At a temperature greater than or equal to that of isa where qnh greater than or equal to 3 25 hpa. if qnh more than 1013 25 hpa our true altitude will be more than our pressure altitude (flight level) example qnh 1023 fl 100 (pressure altitude 10000 ft) our true altitude will be approximately 10300 ft also if it warmer than isa our true altitude will be higher than our indicated altitude. Question 124-24
Given altimeter setting 1013 2 hpaaltimeter reading 5000 ftoutside air temperature at 5000 ft +5°cqfe 958 hpaqnh 983 hpawhat the true height of aeroplane above aerodrome At a temperature greater than or equal to that of isa where qnh greater than or equal to 3 25 hpa. 1013 958 = 55 hpa 55 hpa x 27 = 1485 ft isa temperature at 5000 ft 15°c (2°c x 5) = +5°c (oat = isa so we are in isa conditions) 5000 1485 = 3515 ft you are flying at fl50 (subscale setting 1013 15 hpa) you turn counterclockwise your subscale setting knob until scale reads 958 hpa indicated altitude will decrease 55 ft x 27 ft = 1485 ft becomes a true height since subscale scale qfe (qfe indicates height of aircraft above aerodrome in standard atmosphere) to find answer you must do 5000 675 810 = 3515 675 difference between ground msl (qnh) 810 difference between msl fl. Question 124-25
At fl 180 air temperature 35°c the air density at this level Greater than density of isa at fl 8. at fl180 isa deviation 14ºc (which obviously colder) heating reduces density (volume greater a parcel of air expands) cooling increases density (volume lower a parcel of air shrinks) final statement density inversely proportional to temperature (so if it's colder density higher if it's hotter density lower). Question 124-26
An aircraft flies at flight level 40 elevation of aerodrome 990 ft and qnh 976 hpa the tower clears pilot to fly at 3000 ft qnh which of following statements correct Only a small change of altitude necessary. you are flying at fl 40 with a subscale of 1013 hpa at 990 ft qnh 976 hpa difference between 1013 976 37 hpa 37 hpa x 27 ft = 999 ft while flying at fl40 (at 1013hpa setting) you are in reality at 4000 999 = 3001 ft a 976 hpa subscale setting the tower clears pilot to fly at 3000 ft qnh he has to descend 1 ft to reach 3000 ft (at 976 hpa). Question 124-27
The mean temperature that may be expected to affect that segment of route from coast of se england to geneva at fl 270 Only a small change of altitude necessary. Be careful! we are looking at temperature only the part from coast of se england to geneva not from dublin to tunis over manche at fl240 temperature is 35° before geneva at fl240 temperature is 30° over manche at fl300 temperature is 48° before geneva at fl300 temperature is 44° average temperature at fl240 = ( 35° + ( 30°))/2 = 32 5°c average temperature at fl300 = ( 48° + ( 44°))/2 = 46°c average temperature at fl270 = ( 32 5° + ( 46°))/2 = 39°c. Question 124-28
Flight from lisbon lppt to kingston mkjp considering route segment between 60°w and 70°w at fl 390 forecast mean temperature 368 Only a small change of altitude necessary. we are only looking the mean temperature forecast between 60°w 70°w. Question 124-29
What the average temperature difference from isa at fl 390 between madrid and dhahran 370 Only a small change of altitude necessary. The lowest temperature in icao standard atmosphere (isa) 56 5°c average temperature between madrid dhahran around 57°c this about 1°c colder. Question 124-30
The diurnal variation in temperature largest when The sky clear the wind weak. The lowest temperature in icao standard atmosphere (isa) 56 5°c average temperature between madrid dhahran around 57°c this about 1°c colder. Question 124-31
Which of following statements concerning tropopause correct The temperature lapse rate changes abruptly at tropopause. at tropopause temperature remains constant until 25 km then it increases the lapse rate changes abruptly at tropopause. Question 124-32
An aircraft flying through alps on a very cold winter's day the regional qnh 1013 hpa during flight you circle around a mountain at an altitude of its summit what reading will aneroid altimeter give compared to elevation of summit A higher altitude than elevation of summit. on a very cold winter's day means an outside temperature well below isa temperature if summit at 10000 ft you will normally read an altitude of 10000 ft in standard atmosphere since outside temperature well below isa temperature air mass contracted your altimeter will read a higher altitude than elevation of summit. Question 124-33
An aircraft flying through alps on a warm summer's day the weather fine and there a high pressure system in area during flight a mountain passed at an altitude of its summit what reading will aneroid altimeter give compared to summit's elevation A lower altitude than elevation of summit. if summit's elevation 10000 ft the aircraft at a real height of 10000 ft with high temperature altimeter under read aircraft's altitude it reads a lower altitude than elevation of summit if now you fly at an indicated altitude of 10000 ft you will pass largely over summit's elevation if you fly imc having to pass over this summit with a 1000 ft margin in cold days you must be at a higher indicated altitude than 11000 ft to be 'in reality' at or above 11000 ft. Question 124-34
What the approximate vertical interval which equal to a pressure change of 1 hpa at sea level A lower altitude than elevation of summit. if summit's elevation 10000 ft the aircraft at a real height of 10000 ft with high temperature altimeter under read aircraft's altitude it reads a lower altitude than elevation of summit if now you fly at an indicated altitude of 10000 ft you will pass largely over summit's elevation if you fly imc having to pass over this summit with a 1000 ft margin in cold days you must be at a higher indicated altitude than 11000 ft to be 'in reality' at or above 11000 ft. Question 124-35
On a route segment from a to b highest terrain elevation approximately 200 feet for an instrument flight minimum obstacle clearance 1000 feet the subscale of altimeter set to local qnh of 1013 hpa and temperature on ground 5°c assume a standard temperature lapse rate what the approximate minimum acceptable altimeter indication during flight on this route segment A lower altitude than elevation of summit. we actually need to fly at 1000 + 200 = 1200 ft temperature at 200 ft (or 0 ft it's not a big deal) 5°c temperature colder than isa our altimeter must read an altitude higher than 1200 ft to be sure not to be lower than 1200 ft isa temperature at 1000 ft 13°c today it 7°c (we 'lose' 2° per 1000 ft) difference between isa 20°c altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa temperature correction = 4 x 1 2 x 20 temperature correction = 96 ft our altimeter must read at least 1296 ft we will really fly over mountain at 1200 ft answer 1300 ft our minimum acceptable altimeter indication. Question 124-36
An aircraft flying from point a to point b at flight level corresponding to pressure surface of constant pressure chart which of following statements correct 376 Wind speed over b higher than over a. if you stand with your back to wind in northern hemisphere low pressure on your left (buys ballot's law) with a wind coming from west direction you stand with your back to it low pressure on your left on annex a on a higher contour line than b true altitude will be higher at a over london than at b isobars are tighter at b than a so wind speed over b higher than over a. Question 124-37
Which of following constant pressure charts would be most relevant planning a flight at fl 430 Wind speed over b higher than over a. There a few questions in exam that take information directly from that table below write these down on a sticky have them on wall beside you 1013 hpa = msl 850 hpa = fl50 700 hpa = fl100 500 hpa = fl180 300 hpa = fl300 200 hpa = fl390 any others you can interpolate between these figure it out the decrease of 1hpa/27ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa). Question 124-38
By volume which of following elements makes up largest part of atmosphere Wind speed over b higher than over a. There a few questions in exam that take information directly from that table below write these down on a sticky have them on wall beside you 1013 hpa = msl 850 hpa = fl50 700 hpa = fl100 500 hpa = fl180 300 hpa = fl300 200 hpa = fl390 any others you can interpolate between these figure it out the decrease of 1hpa/27ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa). Question 124-39
Which fl corresponds with 400 hpa pressure level Wind speed over b higher than over a. There a few questions in exam that take information directly from that table below write these down on a sticky have them on wall beside you 1013 hpa = msl 850 hpa = fl50 700 hpa = fl100 500 hpa = fl180 300 hpa = fl300 200 hpa = fl390 any others you can interpolate between these figure it out the decrease of 1hpa/27ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa). Question 124-40
By volume what percentage of air in lower troposphere consists of water vapour Wind speed over b higher than over a. water vapour varies volume in lower troposphere from a trace to about 5% therefore on average only about 2 to 3% of molecules in air are water vapour molecules the amount of water vapour in air small in extremely arid areas in location where temperatures are very low (i e polar regions very cold weather) the volume of water vapour about 5% in very warm humid tropical air.
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