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The unique organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or ? [ Preparation civilian ]

Question 121-1 : Personality development heredity learning

exemple 221 Personality.Personality.

What optimises crew co operation .1 sharing and common task.2 confidence in ?

Question 121-2 : 1 2 3 1 only 1 2 2 3

exemple 225 1, 2, 3.1, 2, 3.

What is the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception ?

Question 121-3 : Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect while possible alternates are neglected expectations always lead to routine errors expectation is a tool that allows capture of all relevant information the attention area is enlarged by expectation however it will therefore lead to uncertainties when a pilot is looking for a decision

exemple 229 Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected.Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected.

What are the most frequent results of an self centred captain on the flight deck ?

Question 121-4 : In a two pilot flight deck the co pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging showing delayed responses or aggression high group performance despite the strained relations a major risk of authority inversion if the co pilot is unassertive performance is very poor as self centred behaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and efficiency

exemple 233 In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or aggression.In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or aggression.

The three types of authority gradient cockpits are ?

Question 121-5 : Autocratic laisser faire and synergistic authoritative laisser faire and synergistic autocratic followership and synergistic authoritative followership and synergistic

exemple 237 Autocratic, laisser-faire and synergistic.Autocratic, laisser-faire and synergistic.

What is self concept ?

Question 121-6 : How you see yourself how you would like to be seen by other people how other people see you how you would like to see yourself

What is meant by the term 'complacency' ?

Question 121-7 : Unjustified self confidence to question possible solutions an agreement between captain and co pilot due to crew resources management physiological effects on pilots because of fear of flying

exemple 245 Unjustified self-confidence.Unjustified self-confidence.

What is 'divided attention' ?

Question 121-8 : The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other ease of concentrating on a particular objective difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective the adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed

Internal conflict within oneself is termed as ?

Question 121-9 : Intra personal conflict intro personal conflict inter personal conflict intermediate personal conflict

exemple 253 Intra-personal conflict.Intra-personal conflict.

In his/her behaviour the 'ideal professional pilot' is ?

Question 121-10 : Both 'person' and 'goal' oriented 'person' rather than 'goal' oriented neither 'person' nor 'goal' oriented 'goal' rather than 'person' oriented

exemple 257 Both 'person' and 'goal' oriented.Both 'person' and 'goal' oriented.

Mode error is associated with ?

Question 121-11 : Automation hardware check lists vertigo

.mode error refers to the omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when the pilot notices that the automation is engaged in activities that were not commanded or fails to engage in activities.that were thought to be commanded both mode errors and automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents and accidents and can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances e g deviations from assigned altitudes . *an automation surprise is an action that is performed by an automation system and is unexpected by the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets the situational awareness of a control operator exemple 261 Automation.Automation.

Phobic states or obsessional disorders will ?

Question 121-12 : May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted always result in permanent loss of a flying licence result in the loss of a class i medical classification after successful treatment require immediate termination of all flying duties

exemple 265 May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted.May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted.

In the decision making process confirmation bias results in ?

Question 121-13 : A tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision choosing familiar solutions even if they are not the best ones overestimating the frequency of some events a tendency to look for approval by other crew members or by the atc

exemple 269 A tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision.A tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision.

In order to make sound decisions it is important to ?

Question 121-14 : Understand why and how we make decisions avoid situational awareness keep a low level of stress by excluding non verbal communication accept that the captain because of his/her authority tends to be correct

exemple 273 Understand why and how we make decisions.Understand why and how we make decisions.

Stress may cause regression which can lead to ?

Question 121-15 : Correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past an improvement in performance a more efficient use of mental capacity experimentation and trying out of new ideas

exemple 277 Correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past.Correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past.

It is generally considered that the most serious non professional stressor is ?

Question 121-16 : Death of a spouse or partner personal injury or illness marital separation loss of a job

exemple 281 Death of a spouse or partner.Death of a spouse or partner.

Cohesion is a major advantage in times of ?

Question 121-17 : Difficulty achievement personal advancement success

.disadvantage of low cohesion or a 'weak cohesion' is an increase in difficulty to accomplish a task .therefore cohesion is a major advantage in times of difficulty exemple 285 Difficulty.Difficulty.

Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork .1 workload is ?

Question 121-18 : 1 3 5 and 6 2 3 4 5 and 6 1 3 4 and 5 2 3 5 and 6

exemple 289 1, 3, 5 and 6.1, 3, 5 and 6.

Select from the following list environmental stressors .1 heat.2 humidity.3 ?

Question 121-19 : 1 2 and 6 1 2 3 and 6 1 2 4 and 6 1 2 3 5 and 6

.physiological stress factors .this category can be broken down into two parts .external physiological factors noise temperature vibrations etc sometimes known as environmental stress .internal physiological factors hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc exemple 293 1, 2 and 6.1, 2 and 6.

Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety which ?

Question 121-20 : Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions a high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete safety a high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance

exemple 297 Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance.Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance.

In decision making the selection of a solution depends on .1 objective and ?

Question 121-21 : 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 4

exemple 301 1, 2, 3, 4.1, 2, 3, 4.

Planning ?

Question 121-22 : Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses is unnecessary in the cockpit as crew members are so highly trained they will always know what to do in unusual situations in the cockpit typically results in plans that are always easy to modify when things are not as anticipated is dangerous in the cockpit as it interrupts flight crew creativity

exemple 305 Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses.Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses.

Physiological stressors include ?

Question 121-23 : Noise temperature low or high humidity sleep deprivation noise hunger conflicts a death heat humidity fatigue istrative problems temperature hunger thirst divorce

exemple 309 Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation.Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation.

Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by ?

Question 121-24 : Decreased atmospheric pressure disorientation accelerations increased atmospheric pressure

exemple 313 Decreased atmospheric pressure.Decreased atmospheric pressure.

In order to limit stress when flying a pilot should ?

Question 121-25 : Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences forget about bad past experiences avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better

exemple 317 Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences.Maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences.

Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two ?

Question 121-26 : 1 + 1 = > 2 1 + 1 = < 2 1 +/ 1 = < 2 1 1 = > 2

exemple 321 1 + 1 = > 21 + 1 = > 2

Having interrupted the captain for a sound reason the co pilot should ?

Question 121-27 : Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption ensure there is no atc traffic on the radio that may be causing a possible distraction before continuing repeat the interruption twice so that the captain's attention is focussed on the new information never interrupt his/her captain at a critical stage of flight

exemple 325 Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption.Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption.

How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not communicate' ?

Question 121-28 : Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning no meaningful communication can occur unless it is by verbal means you cannot influence your own communication communication is always possible

.quite a lot of communication is carried on below the level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have the effect you might have chosen if you had had the opportunity to consult yourself about the matter .even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages is quite evident to any observer and can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all .this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that is not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately .austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms .axiom 1 cannot not .'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour is a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including the absence of action has the potential to be interpreted by other people as having some meaning .axiom 2 content & relationship .'every communication has a content and relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to the content of communication in the context of the relationship between the communicators the word meta communication is used in various ways and therefore not at all by me but watzlawick uses it to mean the exchange of information about how to interpret other information .just as the interpretation of the words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced by the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced by the relationship between the communicators in the example given the word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances .axiom 3 punctuation .'the nature of a relationship is dependent on the punctuation of the partners' communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to the non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to is the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this is analogous to the punctuation of written language in either case the punctuation can sometimes alter the meaning considerably .for example consider the occurrence of an angry response after an interruption the latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at the suggested course of action if the interruption was 'punctuated out' of the sequence so that the suggestion and the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if the receiver punctuated the information so that the interruption and the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at the interruption .axiom 4 digital & analogic .'human communication involves both digital and analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating the term 'digital' which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers is used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify .the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it is a variant of analogical the adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which the representation to some extent evokes the thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke the idea of violence .what else needs translating oh 'modalities' as mentioned in appendix 1 the word 'modality' is used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick is using modalities in the sense of types or sorts of information transfer .axiom 5 symmetric or complementary .'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether the relationship of the partners is based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which the parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all the relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that the communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well .a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this is much more efficient in some situations for example the unequal complementary relationship between soldiers and their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of the truck and jump in the river ' without delay rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length exemple 329 Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning.Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning.

Having made an important decision a commander of an aircraft should ?

Question 121-29 : Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing explain the reasons for the decision only if time permits in the air as the leader of the crew never need explain the reasons behind the decision explain the reasons for the decision only if asked

exemple 333 Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing.Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing.

Habits and routine can influence decision making in a way that ?

Question 121-30 : Shows a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result habit is the product of experience and should be used as a primary consideration in all decisions professional pilots will never question established procedures one always selects a choice in accordance with the company's usual practices

exemple 337 Shows a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result.Shows a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result.

For a normal and healthy person personality traits are ?

Question 121-31 : Stable unstable easy changeable easy changed by an outside influence

exemple 341 Stable.Stable.

An authoritative leader of a group will ?

Question 121-32 : Tend to become over loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency always be a good listener be adaptable to different types of groups in any situation tend never to interfere with the workings of the group and finds delegation easy

exemple 345 Tend to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency.Tend to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency.

Among the physiological responses to stress are ?

Question 121-33 : Sweating dry mouth and breathing difficulties increased heart rate apprehension and sweating dry mouth anxiety and sweating anxiety fatigue and fear

.sweating dry mouth breathing difficulties increased heart rate and fatigue are physiological responses to stress .apprehension anxiety and fear are psychological responses to stress exemple 349 Sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.Sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.

Among the external factors that may contribute to an error cockpit noise and ?

Question 121-34 : Ergonomic factors organisational factors psycho biological factors social factors

exemple 353 Ergonomic factors.Ergonomic factors.

Active errors/failures are committed at ?

Question 121-35 : The human/system interface and have an immediate effect the human/system interface and have a delayed effect the system/system interface and have an immediate effect the system/system interface and have a delayed effect

exemple 357 The human/system interface and have an immediate effect.The human/system interface and have an immediate effect.

A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the shell ?

Question 121-36 : Liveware and software liveware and liveware liveware and hardware liveware and environment

exemple 361 Liveware and software.Liveware and software.

A pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an ?

Question 121-37 : A lower level of stress a higher level of stress the same stress level as the first landing the pilot should only attempt a landing at the same aerodrome if the conditions are improved

.since the pilot has successfully completed this difficult landing he gains self confidence and the next time he will be better prepared to face dangers this will lead to a lower level of stress exemple 365 A lower level of stress.A lower level of stress.

Before take off a briefing ?

Question 121-38 : Must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co ordinate actions is not necessary when departing from home base because this is routine is not required unless both crew members agree it is essential is not necessary if the crew members know each other

exemple 369 Must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co-ordinate actions.Must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co-ordinate actions.

An example of conflict between status and role is ?

Question 121-39 : A senior captain acting as co pilot to a junior captain of an aircraft a manager interviewing an experienced captain of an aircraft a security officer temporarily standing in for a member of the cabin crew an atc controller interviewing an inexperienced captain

exemple 373 A senior captain acting as co-pilot to a junior captain of an aircraft.A senior captain acting as co-pilot to a junior captain of an aircraft.

An experienced pilot ?

Question 121-40 : Prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems functions exclusively in a reactive manner as it is not resource consuming seeks complex solutions to problems thus using his capacities up to 100% avoids using automated systems as his experience allows him to perform all tasks manually

exemple 377 Prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems.Prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems.

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