Under what condition does pressure altitude have the same value as density altitude ?
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In the troposphere the decrease of pressure per 100 m increase in height ?
In a situation with a weak pressure gradient and no thunderstorms around what will the indication of the aneroid altimeter of an aircraft parked on the ground do over a period of about ten minutes ?
What pressure defined as qfe The pressure at field elevation. the decrease of 1 hpa/27 ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa) 100 m = 328 ft at mean sea level 328 ft / 27 equal to a pressure change of 12 2 hpa a 39000 ft 328 ft / 105 equal to a pressure change of 3 1 hpa the decrease of pressure per 100 m (328 ft) increase in height smaller at higher levels than at lower levels. 
What the approximate composition of dry air volume in troposphere 2 % oxygen 78% nitrogen the rest other gasses. the decrease of 1 hpa/27 ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa) 100 m = 328 ft at mean sea level 328 ft / 27 equal to a pressure change of 12 2 hpa a 39000 ft 328 ft / 105 equal to a pressure change of 3 1 hpa the decrease of pressure per 100 m (328 ft) increase in height smaller at higher levels than at lower levels. 
How does temperature vary with increasing altitude in icao standard atmosphere below tropopause 2 % oxygen 78% nitrogen the rest other gasses. the decrease of 1 hpa/27 ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa) 100 m = 328 ft at mean sea level 328 ft / 27 equal to a pressure change of 12 2 hpa a 39000 ft 328 ft / 105 equal to a pressure change of 3 1 hpa the decrease of pressure per 100 m (328 ft) increase in height smaller at higher levels than at lower levels. 
What the boundary layer between troposphere and stratosphere called 2 % oxygen 78% nitrogen the rest other gasses. the decrease of 1 hpa/27 ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa) 100 m = 328 ft at mean sea level 328 ft / 27 equal to a pressure change of 12 2 hpa a 39000 ft 328 ft / 105 equal to a pressure change of 3 1 hpa the decrease of pressure per 100 m (328 ft) increase in height smaller at higher levels than at lower levels. Question 121-8
An outside air temperature of 35°c measured while cruising at fl 200 what the temperature deviation from isa at this level °c colder than isa. the temperature lapse rates of troposphere (mean value) 0 65°c/100 m or 2°c/1000 ft in isa temperature at fl200 should be 15° (2x20) = 25°c as current temperature at that level 35°c you can say that at fl200 it currently isa 10°c. Question 121-9
The qnh of an airport at sea level 983 hpa and temperature deviation from isa 15°c below fl 100 what the true altitude of fl 100 °c colder than isa. difference between standard pressure (1013 hpa) qnh (983 hpa) 30 hpa difference between pressure altitude (fl100 = 10000 ft) barometric altitude 30 hpa x 27 ft = 810 ft barometric altitude = 10000 810 = 9190 ft difference between barometric altitude true altitude 4 ft per thousand per degree of temperature deviation (4% per 10° deviation) = 4 x 15 x 9 19 = 550 ft true altitude = 9190 550 = 8640 ft. Question 121-10
What information required to convert a minimum safe altitude into a lowest usable flight level Lowest value of qnh the highest negative temperature deviation from isa. lowest value of qnh the lowest usable flight level determined the atmospheric pressure in area of operation it will give highest safety margin highest negative temperature deviation from isa since cold air denser than warm air when operating in temperatures that are colder than standard our true altitude lower than altimeter indication if we convert a minimum safe altitude into a flight level choosing lowest aera qnh value the highest negative temperature deviation from isa we will be ok at that flight level better off wherever you go elsewhere in region. Question 121-11
What the relationship if any between qfe and qnh at an airport situated 50 ft below sea level Qfe greater than qnh. the qfe indicates in standard atmosphere height of aircraft above official airport elevation (an altimeter set to qfe will therefore read zero when on ground) qnh the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on airfield on airport in order to read airport elevation of 50 ft on your altimeter you must set qnh if you want to read 0 ft you must set qfe you have to turn clockwise adjustment knob qfe will be greater than qnh . Question 121-12
You plan a flight over a mountain range at a true altitude of 15000 ft/amsl the air on an average 15°c colder than isa pressure at sea level 1003 hpa what approximate indication should altimeter setting 1013 2 hpa read Qfe greater than qnh. the following rules shall be considered altimetry calculations the value the barometric lapse rate near mean sea level 27 ft (8 m) per 1 hpa to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used (the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa) 1013 1003 = 10 hpa 10 x 27 = 270 ft 15000 ft + 270 ft = 15270 ft your altimeter will over read altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa temperature correction = 4 x 15 27 x 15 temperature correction = 916 2 ft approximate indication should altimeter read 15270 + 916 = 16186 ft close enough to result desired iguano maybe not an error but i thought that when its colder than isa you have to subtract temperature correction the question states what approximate indication should altimeter (setting 1013 2 hpa) read? our altimeter must read a higher altitude than true altitude we currently want in those conditions (cold air low qnh) to be sure to overfly mountain at actually 15000 ft/amsl. Question 121-13
During a flight at fl 100 from marseille qnh 1012 hpa to palma mallorca qnh 1015 hpa an aircraft remains at a constant true altitude the reason this that The air at marseille warmer than that at palma mallorca. to be at same true altitude over 1012hpa datum (marseille) air must be warmer than it over 1015hpa pressure datum (palma mallorca). Question 121-14
An aircraft lands at an airport airport elevation 1240 ft qnh 1008 hpa the altimeter set to 1013 hpa the altimeter will indicate The air at marseille warmer than that at palma mallorca. you are on runway with a setting of 1008 hpa your altimeter indicates 1240 ft if you turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a clockwise direction to increase subscale to 1013 hpa indicated alitude will increase (the needle will turn in same direction) 1013 1008 = 5 hpa 5 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 135 ft 1240 + 135 = 1375 ft. Question 121-15
After landing at an aerodrome aerodrome elevation 1715 ft altimeter indicates an altitude of 1310 ft the altimeter set to pressure value of 1013 hpa what the qnh at this aerodrome The air at marseille warmer than that at palma mallorca. you are on runway with a setting of 1013 hpa your altimeter indicates 1310 ft if you want to read aerodrome elevation you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a clockwise direction to increase indicated alitude 1715 1310 = 405 ft 405 ft / 27 ft/hpa = 15 hpa 1013 + 15 = 1028 hpa. Question 121-16
You intend to overfly a mountain range the recommended minimum flight altitude according to aviation chart 15000 ft/amsl the air mass that you will fly through on average 15°c warmer than standard atmosphere the altimeter set to qnh 1023 hpa at what altimeter reading will you effectively be at recommended minimum flight altitude The air at marseille warmer than that at palma mallorca. to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa 15000 x 4 x 1 5 = 900 ft you are flying at 15000 + 900 = 15900 ft thus you can fly 900 ft lower than stated 15900 ft which will give you an indicated altitude of 14100 ft the question states the altimeter set to qnh (1023 hpa) we don't change this value we are not going to fly on flight level (1013 hpa). Question 121-17
You are flying at fl 130 and your true altitude 12000 ft what the temperature deviation from that of standard atmosphere at fl 130 qnh 1013 2 hpa The air at marseille warmer than that at palma mallorca. to determine true altitude/height following rule of thumb called '4% rule' shall be used the altitude/height changes 4% each 10°c temperature deviation from isa 4 x 13 x temperature deviation = 1000 ft temperature deviation = 1000 ft / (4 x 13) = 19 2°c true altitude lower than pressure altitude so this 'minu 20°c. Question 121-18
Which one of following statements applies to tropopause It separates troposphere from stratosphere. the tropopause a boundary with no finite thickness the tropopause the region of atmosphere where environmental lapse rate changes from positive as it behaves in troposphere to stratospheric negative one following the exact definition used the world meteorological organization the boundary between troposphere the stratosphere where an abrupt change in lapse rate usually occurs it defined as lowest level at which lapse rate decreases to 2 °c/km or less provided that average lapse rate between this level all higher levels within 2 km does not exceed 2 °c/km. Question 121-19
The 0° isotherm forecast to be at fl 50 at what fl would you expect a temperature of 6°c It separates troposphere from stratosphere. the temperature lapse rates of troposphere (mean value) 0 65°c/100 m or 2°c/1000 ft 6° / 2°(per 1000 ft) = 3000 ft fl50 + 3000 ft = fl80. Question 121-20
A vertical spacing of 1000 ft the standard required separation between two fl under conditions of cold air advection isa 15°c what would true vertical separation be It separates troposphere from stratosphere. in flight level aircraft are using same subscale reference 1013 25 hpa theoretical separation 1000 ft actual separation less when air mass colder than standard. Question 121-21
Over paris at what flight level would you expect to find tropopause according to map 269 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. tropopause at fl290 north est at fl340 south west of paris we would expect to find tropopause at fl300 over paris. Question 121-22
What the approximate height of tropopause between munich and helsinki 271 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. the approximate height of tropopause between munich helsinki fl340 400 on one hand 300 on other hand even if height change not uniform fl340 remains only valid answer. Question 121-23
At what approximate flight level the tropopause over frankfurt 276 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. you have to interpolate between different heights placing tropopause at approximately fl 330 over frankfurt. Question 121-24
The temperature at fl 330 overhead london will be 278 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. the height of tropopause over london fl290 above tropopause temperature stays constant close to london t° around 45°c at fl390 so between fl290 fl390 no change. Question 121-25
What the average temperature at fl 160 between oslo and paris 282 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. this chart given fl180 at fl180 between oslo paris average temperature is (25 + 24 + 23 + 21 + 21)/5 = 114 / 5 = around 23°c average temperature at fl160 4° warmer (2° per 1000ft) = 19°c. Question 121-26
What the temperature deviation in degrees celsius from icao standard atmosphere overhead frankfurt 283 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. at fl180 in a standard atmosphere temperature is 15° (2° x 18)) = 21ºc on chart overhead frankfurt temperature at fl180 34°c temperature deviation 34° + ( 21°) = 13°c we can say that temperature overhead frankfurt at fl180 colder than icao standard atmosphere. Question 121-27
What oat would you expect at fl 200 over geneva 289 It separates troposphere from stratosphere. this chart given fl180 at fl180 average temperature is (20 + 21 + 19 + 21)/4 = 81 / 4 = around 20°c average temperature at fl200 4° colder (2° per 1000ft) = 24°c. Question 121-28
An altimeter adjusted to 1013 hpa indicates an altitude of 3600 ft should this altimeter be adjusted to local qnh value of 991 hpa altitude indicated would be It separates troposphere from stratosphere. your altimeter adjusted to 1013 hpa indicates an altitude of 3600 ft you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a counter clockwise direction to set 991 hpa in subscale window the altimeter needle will turn in same direction (counter clockwise) decreasing altimeter setting 22 hpa (1013 991) 22 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 594 ft indicated altitude decreases 594 ft 3600 594 = 3006 ft. Question 121-29
In geneva local qnh 994 hpa the elevation of geneva 1411 ft the qfe adjustment in geneva It separates troposphere from stratosphere. the qfe indicates in standard atmosphere height of aircraft above official airport elevation (an altimeter set to qfe will therefore read zero when on ground) qnh the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on airfield with a subscale setting of 994 hpa on ground at geneva your altimeter reads 1411 ft you want to read 0 ft you must turn anti clockwise adjustment knob 1 hpa = 27 ft 1411 / 27 = 50 hpa 994 52 = 942 hpa . Question 121-30
An aircraft flying at fl 80 the local qnh 1000 hpa after second altimeter has been adjusted to local qnh reading will be approximately It separates troposphere from stratosphere. your main altimeter remains at 1013 hpa with a reading of 8000 ft second set at 1000 hpa you have to turn altimeter setting adjustement knob in a counter clockwise direction altimeter needle will turn also counter clockwise decreasing altimeter setting 13 hpa 13 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 351 ft indicated altitude decreases 351 ft 8000 351 = 7649 ft. Question 121-31
The barometric compensator of an altimeter locked on reference 1013 2 hpa the aircraft has to land on a point with an elevation of 290 feet where qnh 1023 hpa the reading on altimeter on ground will be It separates troposphere from stratosphere. 1023 1013 = 10 hpa 10 hpa x 27 ft/hpa = 270 ft 290 ft 270 ft = 20 ft imagine if you landed on this airfield with correct subscale setting (1023 hpa) reading on altimeter on ground will be 290 ft now if you set 1013 hpa in subscale needles will turn couter clockwise the altimeter will read 20 ft. Question 121-32
The upper wind and temperature chart of 250 hpa corresponds in a standard atmosphere to about It separates troposphere from stratosphere. there a few questions in exam that take information directly from that table below write these down on a sticky have them on wall beside you 1013 hpa = msl 850 hpa = fl50 700 hpa = fl100 500 hpa = fl180 300 hpa = fl300 200 hpa = fl390 any others you can interpolate between these figure it out the decrease of 1hpa/27 ft only applicable at lower levels of troposphere as you go up air pressure decreases change of height per 1 hpa increases (at msl 1hpa/27ft at fl180 it's 50ft/hpa at fl390 it's 105ft/hpa). Question 121-33
Going from equator to north pole altitude of tropopause Decreases its temperature increases. height of tropopause polar tropopause (8 km) 45°c tropicale tropopause (15 km) 75°c equatorial tropopause (16 km) 80°c. Question 121-34
Atmospheric soundings give following temperature profile 3000 ft +15°c6000 ft +8°c10000 ft +1°c14000 ft 6°c18000 ft 14°c24000 ft 26°cat which of following flight levels the risk aircraft icing in cloud greatest Decreases its temperature increases. greatest icing occurs at temperature between 0°c 10°c temperature at fl80 largely positive (at around +4°c) there will be no risk of icing at fl150 temperature around 8°c severe icing has greatest possibility to occur temperature above fl160 will be lower than 10°c risk aircraft icing possible but with a less intensity than temperature between 0°c 10°c. Question 121-35
Half mass of atmosphere found in first Decreases its temperature increases. greatest icing occurs at temperature between 0°c 10°c temperature at fl80 largely positive (at around +4°c) there will be no risk of icing at fl150 temperature around 8°c severe icing has greatest possibility to occur temperature above fl160 will be lower than 10°c risk aircraft icing possible but with a less intensity than temperature between 0°c 10°c. Question 121-36
The thickness of troposphere varies with Decreases its temperature increases. tropopause the boundary layer between troposphere stratosphere 16 km approximately average thickness of troposphere over equator (0° n/s of latitude) at 45° of latitude thickness around 12 km at poles (90° n/s of latitude thickness around 8 km the thickness of troposphere varies with latitude. Question 121-37
In lower part of stratosphere temperature Decreases its temperature increases. in real world in lower part of stratosphere temperature rising a little with altitude but in isa no. Question 121-38
Which of following conditions would cause altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than that actually flown Air temperature higher than standard. if temperature or pressure higher than isa your true altitude will be higher than indicated you are safe if temperature or pressure lower than isa your true altitude will be lower than indicated or closer to ground which dangerous if it cold imagine air 'shrinking' down so pressure level will be closer to ground while if it hot air will 'expan so pressure level will be higher above ground remember altimeter reading a pressure level but it does not know how high pressure level above ground if you are flying at 10000 ft indicated you are following 700 hpa line although you are keeping altimeter at 10000 ft you will not always be at 10000 ft above ground. Question 121-39
The qff at an airfield located 400 metres above sea level 1016 hpa the air temperature 10°c lower than a standard atmosphere what the qnh Air temperature higher than standard. qff atmospheric pressure at sea level qnh the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on airfield in cold conditions a column of air will shrink so 'col qnh will be less than qff the 'warm' qnh will be more than qff this table will help the exam . Question 121-40
The qnh at an airfield located 200 metres above sea level 1009 hpa the air temperature 10°c lower than a standard atmosphere what the qff Air temperature higher than standard. qff atmospheric pressure at sea level qnh the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked on airfield in cold conditions a column of air will shrink so 'col qnh will be less than qff the 'warm' qnh will be more than qff this table will help the exam .
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