With regard to short term memory we can say that ?
Training > professional
Which of the following statements is false ?
Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error Active error is ?
Which of following statements fits best concept of latent error Latent errors may have been present in system a certain length of time are difficult to identify as a result of time lag between generation the occurrence of error. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. 
What are main advantages that human possesses over those of a machine in decision making process Creativity innovation adaptability. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. 
We generate mental models on Past experience learning. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. 
What are two types of attention Past experience learning. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-8
The use of professional languages offers Quick comprehension simplified grammar. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-9
The use of check lists should be carried out in such a way that Their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-10
The unique organisation of characteristics which determine typical or standard behaviour of an individual known as Their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-11
What optimises crew co operation 1 sharing and common task2 confidence in each others capability3 precise definition of functions associated with each crew members role Their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-12
What the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception Expectation often guides focus of attention towards a particular aspect while possible alternates are neglected. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-13
What are most frequent results of an self centred captain on flight deck In a two pilot flight deck co pilot ignored may react disengaging showing delayed responses or aggression. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-14
The three types of authority gradient cockpits are Autocratic laisser faire synergistic. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-15
What self concept How you see yourself. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-16
What meant the term 'complacency' Unjustified self confidence. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-17
What 'divided attention' The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after other. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-18
Internal conflict within oneself termed as Intra personal conflict. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-19
In his/her behaviour 'ideal professional pilot' Both 'person' 'goa oriented. some stress can have good effects on human performance we operate less efficiently with zero stress but as stress increases our performance level improves to an optimum point but only then does an increase in stress degrade performance the other statements are true. Question 118-20
Mode error associated with Both 'person' 'goa oriented. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-21
Phobic states or obsessional disorders will May require successful treatment before flying may be permitted. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-22
In decision making process confirmation bias results in A tendency to look information which confirms validity of decision. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-23
In order to make sound decisions it important to Understand why how we make decisions. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-24
Stress may cause regression which can lead to Correct actions being forgotten substituted procedures learnt in past. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-25
It generally considered that most serious non professional stressor Death of a spouse or partner. mode error refers to omission of a required action or intervention with automation actions mode errors lead to automation surprises* when pilot notices that automation engaged in activities that were not commanded (or fails to engage in activities that were thought to be commanded) both mode errors automation surprises have played a role in recent incidents accidents can lead to poor or slow compliance with atc clearances (e g deviations from assigned altitudes) *an automation surprise an action that performed an automation system is unexpected the user a mode error can be a common cause of an automation surprise automation surprise can be dangerous when it upsets situational awareness of a control operator. Question 118-26
Cohesion a major advantage in times of Death of a spouse or partner. disadvantage of low cohesion (or a 'weak cohesion') an increase in difficulty to accomplish a task therefore cohesion a major advantage in times of difficulty. Question 118-27
Select from following list advantages of teamwork 1 workload lessened2 conformity to group norm3 flight safety enhanced4 risky shift5 work stress reduced6 improved decision making Death of a spouse or partner. disadvantage of low cohesion (or a 'weak cohesion') an increase in difficulty to accomplish a task therefore cohesion a major advantage in times of difficulty. Question 118-28
Select from following list environmental stressors 1 heat2 humidity3 divorce4 lack of rest5 loss of job6 noise Death of a spouse or partner. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-29
Motivation an important attribute which contributes to flight safety which of following statements correct with regards to motivation Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-30
In decision making selection of a solution depends on 1 objective and subjective criteria2 objective to be achieved3 risks associated with each solution4 personality of decision maker Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-31
Planning Allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations decide on possible responses. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-32
Physiological stressors include Noise temperature (low or high) humidity sleep deprivation. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-33
Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused Decreased atmospheric pressure. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-34
In order to limit stress when flying a pilot should Maintain his competence practicing his professional skills learning from past experiences. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-35
Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two good synergy Maintain his competence practicing his professional skills learning from past experiences. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-36
Having interrupted captain a sound reason co pilot should Remind him/her of his/her last action before interruption. physiological stress factors this category can be broken down into two parts external physiological factors (noise temperature vibrations etc) sometimes known as environmental stress internal physiological factors (hunger fatigue lack of sleep etc). Question 118-37
How do you understand statement 'one cannot not communicate' Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning. quite a lot of communication carried on below level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have effect you might have chosen if you had had opportunity to consult yourself about matter! even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages quite evident to any observer can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately! austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms axiom 1 (cannot not) 'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including absence of action has potential to be interpreted other people as having some meaning axiom 2 (content & relationship) 'every communication has a content relationship aspect such that latter classifies former is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to content of communication in context of relationship between communicators the word meta communication used in various ways (and therefore not at all me) but watzlawick uses it to mean exchange of information about how to interpret other information just as interpretation of words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced the relationship between communicators in example given word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances axiom 3 (punctuation) 'the nature of a relationship dependent on punctuation of partner communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this analogous to punctuation of written language in either case punctuation can sometimes alter meaning considerably for example consider occurrence of an angry response after an interruption latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at suggested course of action if interruption was 'punctuated out' of sequence so that suggestion the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if receiver punctuated information so that interruption the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at interruption axiom 4 (digital & analogic) 'human communication involves both digital analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating! the term 'digita which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it a variant of analogical adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which representation to some extent evokes thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke idea of violence what else needs translating? oh yes 'modalitie as mentioned in appendix 1 word 'modality' used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick using modalities in sense of types or sorts of information transfer axiom 5 (symmetric or complementary) 'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether relationship of partners based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this much more efficient in some situations for example unequal (complementary) relationship between soldiers their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of truck jump in river!' without delay ? rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length. Question 118-38
Having made an important decision a commander of an aircraft should Always try to make time to explain reasons the decision even if it after landing. quite a lot of communication carried on below level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have effect you might have chosen if you had had opportunity to consult yourself about matter! even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages quite evident to any observer can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately! austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms axiom 1 (cannot not) 'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including absence of action has potential to be interpreted other people as having some meaning axiom 2 (content & relationship) 'every communication has a content relationship aspect such that latter classifies former is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to content of communication in context of relationship between communicators the word meta communication used in various ways (and therefore not at all me) but watzlawick uses it to mean exchange of information about how to interpret other information just as interpretation of words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced the relationship between communicators in example given word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances axiom 3 (punctuation) 'the nature of a relationship dependent on punctuation of partner communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this analogous to punctuation of written language in either case punctuation can sometimes alter meaning considerably for example consider occurrence of an angry response after an interruption latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at suggested course of action if interruption was 'punctuated out' of sequence so that suggestion the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if receiver punctuated information so that interruption the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at interruption axiom 4 (digital & analogic) 'human communication involves both digital analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating! the term 'digita which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it a variant of analogical adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which representation to some extent evokes thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke idea of violence what else needs translating? oh yes 'modalitie as mentioned in appendix 1 word 'modality' used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick using modalities in sense of types or sorts of information transfer axiom 5 (symmetric or complementary) 'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether relationship of partners based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this much more efficient in some situations for example unequal (complementary) relationship between soldiers their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of truck jump in river!' without delay ? rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length. Question 118-39
Habits and routine can influence decision making in a way that Shows a tendency to select most familiar solution first foremost sometimes to detriment of achieving best possible result. quite a lot of communication carried on below level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have effect you might have chosen if you had had opportunity to consult yourself about matter! even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages quite evident to any observer can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately! austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms axiom 1 (cannot not) 'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including absence of action has potential to be interpreted other people as having some meaning axiom 2 (content & relationship) 'every communication has a content relationship aspect such that latter classifies former is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to content of communication in context of relationship between communicators the word meta communication used in various ways (and therefore not at all me) but watzlawick uses it to mean exchange of information about how to interpret other information just as interpretation of words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced the relationship between communicators in example given word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances axiom 3 (punctuation) 'the nature of a relationship dependent on punctuation of partner communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this analogous to punctuation of written language in either case punctuation can sometimes alter meaning considerably for example consider occurrence of an angry response after an interruption latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at suggested course of action if interruption was 'punctuated out' of sequence so that suggestion the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if receiver punctuated information so that interruption the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at interruption axiom 4 (digital & analogic) 'human communication involves both digital analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating! the term 'digita which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it a variant of analogical adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which representation to some extent evokes thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke idea of violence what else needs translating? oh yes 'modalitie as mentioned in appendix 1 word 'modality' used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick using modalities in sense of types or sorts of information transfer axiom 5 (symmetric or complementary) 'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether relationship of partners based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this much more efficient in some situations for example unequal (complementary) relationship between soldiers their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of truck jump in river!' without delay ? rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length. Question 118-40
For a normal and healthy person personality traits are Shows a tendency to select most familiar solution first foremost sometimes to detriment of achieving best possible result. quite a lot of communication carried on below level of consciousness you don't have to think about this sort of communication it just happens automatically this certainly saves some effort but it does not always have effect you might have chosen if you had had opportunity to consult yourself about matter! even when you think you are not sending any messages that absence of messages quite evident to any observer can itself constitute quite a significant message not only that but we usually transmit quite a few non verbal messages unconsciously even when we think we are not sending any messages at all this means that unless you are a hermit you cannot really avoid communicating you can of course very easily get your communication scrambled often in both directions but that not much consolation in other words you cannot not communicate but you can not communicate accurately! austrian born psychologist/philosopher paul watzlawick explained his interactional communication theories through five axioms axiom 1 (cannot not) 'one cannot not communicate ' because every behaviour a kind of communication people who are aware of each other are constantly communicating any perceivable behaviour including absence of action has potential to be interpreted other people as having some meaning axiom 2 (content & relationship) 'every communication has a content relationship aspect such that latter classifies former is therefore a meta communication ' each person responds to content of communication in context of relationship between communicators the word meta communication used in various ways (and therefore not at all me) but watzlawick uses it to mean exchange of information about how to interpret other information just as interpretation of words 'what an idiot you are' could be influenced the following words 'just kidding' it could also be influenced the relationship between communicators in example given word 'idiot' might be accepted quite happily from a close friend but convey an entirely different meaning in other circumstances axiom 3 (punctuation) 'the nature of a relationship dependent on punctuation of partner communication procedures ' in many cases communication involves a veritable maelstrom of messages flying in all directions this applies especially to non verbal messages the 'punctuation' referred to the process of organising groups of messages into meanings this analogous to punctuation of written language in either case punctuation can sometimes alter meaning considerably for example consider occurrence of an angry response after an interruption latter having followed a suggested course of action this might be interpreted as anger at suggested course of action if interruption was 'punctuated out' of sequence so that suggestion the anger were effectively grouped together as a tight sequence however if receiver punctuated information so that interruption the anger formed a tight sequence it might be interpreted as anger at interruption axiom 4 (digital & analogic) 'human communication involves both digital analogic modalities ' this one needs a bit of translating! the term 'digita which today usually refers either to numbers computers or fingers used in this axiom to refer to discrete defined elements of communication these are usually words but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify the term 'analogic' also needs some translation it a variant of analogical adjective derived from analogy it therefore refers to a correspondence in certain respects between things which are otherwise different in this case it describes a type of communication in which representation to some extent evokes thing to which it refers for example shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke idea of violence what else needs translating? oh yes 'modalitie as mentioned in appendix 1 word 'modality' used in very many different ways in this case i think watzlawick using modalities in sense of types or sorts of information transfer axiom 5 (symmetric or complementary) 'inter human communication procedures are either symmetric or complementary depending on whether relationship of partners based on differences or parity ' a 'symmetric' relationship here means one in which parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective the chance of airing all relevant issues should be greater but it certainly does not guarantee that communication will be optimal the parties could simply be equally submissive or equally domineering however communication between equals often does work well a 'complementary' relationship here means one of unequal power such as parent child boss employee or leader follower this much more efficient in some situations for example unequal (complementary) relationship between soldiers their officers means that soldiers are very likely to obey a surprising order such as 'get out of truck jump in river!' without delay ? rather than debating it perhaps with great interest but quite possibly at fatal length.
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