Metacommunication is defined as ?
Training > professional
Mark the two most important attributes for a positive leadership style 1 dominant behaviour2 excellent role behaviour3 mastery of communication skills4 'Laissez faire' behaviour ?
Non verbal communication ?
Discussing private matters in cockpit Can improve team spirit. 
A selective attentional mechanism required Because of limited capacity of central decision maker working memory. 
Stress may be defined as A normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt to encountered situations. 
What a stressor An external or internal stimulus which interpreted an individual as being stressful. Question 115-8
What may trigger stress in humans The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced. its our own internal beliefs attitudes interpretations perceptions other factors in combination with external events that tend to create stress. Question 115-9
With regard to average influence of age on pilot performance it may be said that age Has little impact when pilot able to compensate it his/her flight experience. its our own internal beliefs attitudes interpretations perceptions other factors in combination with external events that tend to create stress. Question 115-10
Of following statements which apply to coordinated cooperation 1 it allows synergy in actions between captain and co pilot 2 it represents simultaneous execution of a single action the various members of crew 3 communication here results in synchronised actions and natural and easy distribution of responsibilities 4 communication centred around outside world the correct statement s are Has little impact when pilot able to compensate it his/her flight experience. the advantages of coordination are redundancy synergy clarification of responsability coordinated cooperation allows synergy between captain copilot synchronised actions the distribution of responsibilities coaction a mode of cooperation which recommends working in parallel to achieve one objective. Question 115-11
Co action a mode of coordination which recommends Working in parallel to achieve one common objective. the advantages of coordination are redundancy synergy clarification of responsability coordinated cooperation allows synergy between captain copilot synchronised actions the distribution of responsibilities coaction a mode of cooperation which recommends working in parallel to achieve one objective. Question 115-12
In order to make communication effective it necessary to 1 avoid synchronization of verbal and non verbal channels 2 send information in line with receiver's decoding abilities 3 always concentrate on informational aspects of message only 4 avoid increasing number of communication channels in order to simplify communication the correct statement s are Working in parallel to achieve one common objective. in order to make communication effective it necessary to synchronize verbal non verbal channels to send information in line with receiver's decoding abilities. Question 115-13
Which of following statements regarding interpersonal interactions are correct 1 if sender perceives that receiver incompetent he/she will increase length of message2 if receiver of non native tongue sender will reinforce what he saying using more complicated words so as to optimize understanding3 if sender considers receiver incompetent he/she tends to simplify content of sentences4 it much safer to fly with a crew who know each other well because communication will always be excellent the correct statement s are Working in parallel to achieve one common objective. primer why answer 4 not correct if you know someone much safer flight with this person ?? please explain ?? in most of airline companies you will fly with a copilot or a captain that you have never met before flight does it will make flight less safer ? no because you will fly following your company's sop (standard operating procedure) furthermore communication will not always be excellent even if you know each other. Question 115-14
Professional languages have certain characteristics example 1 they use a limited vocabulary2 they are rich and adapted to context which sometimes lead to ambiguities3 their grammar rather complicated and complex4 context provides meaning therefore reduces risk of ambiguities Working in parallel to achieve one common objective. primer why answer 4 not correct if you know someone much safer flight with this person ?? please explain ?? in most of airline companies you will fly with a copilot or a captain that you have never met before flight does it will make flight less safer ? no because you will fly following your company's sop (standard operating procedure) furthermore communication will not always be excellent even if you know each other. Question 115-15
With regard to communication in a cockpit we can say that Communication uses up resources thus limiting resources allocated to work in progress. primer why answer 4 not correct if you know someone much safer flight with this person ?? please explain ?? in most of airline companies you will fly with a copilot or a captain that you have never met before flight does it will make flight less safer ? no because you will fly following your company's sop (standard operating procedure) furthermore communication will not always be excellent even if you know each other. Question 115-16
What are communication qualities of a good briefing a good briefing must 1 contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible2 be of a standard type so that it can be reused another flight of same type3 be short and precise4 be understandable to other crew member s the correct statement s are Communication uses up resources thus limiting resources allocated to work in progress. as name suggests briefings are usually short concise briefing are standardized (departure briefing take off emergency briefing taxi briefing take off briefing approach briefing) example departure briefing this will be a flaps 10 normal takeoff from runway 22 runway heading to 3000 feet 2700 feet of runway required with 7100 feet available in event of an emergency or abnormality during takeoff roll i will abort takeoff stop on remaining runway in event of an emergency right after takeoff i will secure engine glide to a landing straight ahead in event of an abnormality after takeoff or an engine failure after reaching a safe altitude i will return landing on appropriate runway a briefing must be understandable the other crew member(s) use simple words for question best answer '2 3 4 are correct' but only '2 4 are correct' offered at exam. Question 115-17
Which of following statements concerning check list correct The most important items should be placed at beginning of a check list since attention usually focused here. as name suggests briefings are usually short concise briefing are standardized (departure briefing take off emergency briefing taxi briefing take off briefing approach briefing) example departure briefing this will be a flaps 10 normal takeoff from runway 22 runway heading to 3000 feet 2700 feet of runway required with 7100 feet available in event of an emergency or abnormality during takeoff roll i will abort takeoff stop on remaining runway in event of an emergency right after takeoff i will secure engine glide to a landing straight ahead in event of an abnormality after takeoff or an engine failure after reaching a safe altitude i will return landing on appropriate runway a briefing must be understandable the other crew member(s) use simple words for question best answer '2 3 4 are correct' but only '2 4 are correct' offered at exam. Question 115-18
Which of following statements are correct with regard to design of a check list 1 the longer a check list more it must be subdivided into logical parts2 the trickiest points must be placed in middle of check list3 check lists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with other tasks4 whenever possible a panel scan sequence should be applied5 critical points should have redundanciesthe combination of correct statements The most important items should be placed at beginning of a check list since attention usually focused here. as name suggests briefings are usually short concise briefing are standardized (departure briefing take off emergency briefing taxi briefing take off briefing approach briefing) example departure briefing this will be a flaps 10 normal takeoff from runway 22 runway heading to 3000 feet 2700 feet of runway required with 7100 feet available in event of an emergency or abnormality during takeoff roll i will abort takeoff stop on remaining runway in event of an emergency right after takeoff i will secure engine glide to a landing straight ahead in event of an abnormality after takeoff or an engine failure after reaching a safe altitude i will return landing on appropriate runway a briefing must be understandable the other crew member(s) use simple words for question best answer '2 3 4 are correct' but only '2 4 are correct' offered at exam. Question 115-19
According to rasmussen's model errors in rule based control mode are of following type s Errors of technical knowledge. rasmussen states that there are skill based rule based knowledge based errors he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' 'exceptiona violations or intended deviations from plan an error of technical knowledge means that operative doesn't have sufficient knowledge to follow rules. Question 115-20
According to rasmussen's model errors are of following type s in skill based behaviour Errors of technical knowledge. rasmussen states that there are skill based rule based knowledge based errors he then goes on to state that there are 'routine' 'exceptiona violations or intended deviations from plan. Question 115-21
In order to overcome an overload of work during flight it necessary to 1 know how to use one's own reserve of resources in order to ease burden on crew2 divide up tasks among crew3 ensure that long term memory used as much as possible as short term memory will add to stress4 drop certain tasks and stick to high level prioritiesthe correct statements are Errors of technical knowledge. to overcome an overload of work during flight you will have to share some tasks improve crew coordination you must prioritizes to maintain focus on primary tasks long term memory will add to stress since unless an item recalled regularly it becomes more more difficult to retrieve from long term memory store. Question 115-22
The available cognitive resources of human brain Are limited make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at same time. to overcome an overload of work during flight you will have to share some tasks improve crew coordination you must prioritizes to maintain focus on primary tasks long term memory will add to stress since unless an item recalled regularly it becomes more more difficult to retrieve from long term memory store. Question 115-23
The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages anderson model Cognitive associative automatic. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-24
A pilot can be described as being proficient when he/she Has automated a large part of necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-25
With regard to practice of english which of following statements correct All pilots should master it because aeronautical world needs one common language. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-26
What are main consequences of latent errors they 1 remain undetected in system a certain length of time 2 may only manifest themselves under certain conditions 3 are quickly detectable the front line operator whose mental schemas on instantaneous situation filter out formal errors 4 lull pilots into a false sense of securitythe correct statement s are All pilots should master it because aeronautical world needs one common language. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-27
Pilot stress reactions Differ from pilot to pilot depending on how a person manages particular stressors. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-28
Which of following provides basis of all perceptions The intensity of stimuli. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-29
The effect of experience and repetition on performance Can both be beneficial negative. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-30
Situations particularly vulnerable to 'reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern' are 1 when concentration on a particular task relaxed2 when situations are characterised medium workload3 when situations are characterised stress Can both be beneficial negative. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-31
The most dangerous characteristic of perception that it Is frequently extremely resistant to correction. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-32
Fixation or tunnel vision primarily to be expected when Is frequently extremely resistant to correction. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-33
Which of following are strategies resolving conflict 1 seeking arbitration2 actively listening to other people3 abandoning facts so as to move conversation to a more emotional level4 becoming aware of cultural influences Is frequently extremely resistant to correction. ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-34
What elements establish synergy within crew Synergy must be built up from start of mission (briefing) be maintained until it comes to an end (debriefing). ajdawe anderson model declarative knowledge compilation procedural it similar to but not identical to these categories of developing motor programmes in anderson's model learning occurs in three stages in stage 1 declarative stage learner produces a crude approximation of skill using general purpose problem solving strategies to interpret facts about skill performance slow error prone working memory load high because facts about skill (e g correct sequence of movements) must be actively rehearsed stage 2 characterized speedup more seamless performance dropout of verbal mediation during this phase declarative facts about skill are converted into procedural knowledge through knowledge compilation procedural knowledge a collection of productions or if then statements that specify a cognitive condition an action that will be performed if that condition met two mechanisms underlie knowledge compilation composition proceduralization composition collapses successive productions into single productions produces speedup more seamless performance the extent to which composition can occur determined the capacity of working memory because conditions specified in a production must be represented in working memory through proceduralization declarative facts are instantiated in productions thereby eliminating need to represent declarative information in working memory proceduralization responsible the dropout of verbal mediation in final phase tuning search of alternate solution paths becomes more selective generalization discrimination strengthening are three learning mechanisms responsible proceduralization. Question 115-35
Which of following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit 1 decisions are taken the captain but prepared the crew2 there little delegating of tasks3 communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to flight4 fluid consensual boundaries exist in regard to leadership style which fluctuate between authority and laissez faire Synergy must be built up from start of mission (briefing) be maintained until it comes to an end (debriefing). crew co ordination the advantage of teamwork over a collection of highly skilled individuals its prominent benefits are an increase in safety redundancy to detect remedy individual errors and an increase in efficiency the organized use of all existing resources which improves in flight management prioritizes delegates effectively to maintain focus on primary tasks keeps everyone 'in loop' actively communicating continuously monitors progress of flight are appropriate characteristics of a synergetic cockpit it important to establish difference between leadership which acquired authority which assigned an optimal situation exists when two are combined leadership involves teamwork the quality of a leader depends on success of leader's relationship with team. Question 115-36
What may become main risk of a 'laissez faire' cockpit Inversion of authority. crew co ordination the advantage of teamwork over a collection of highly skilled individuals its prominent benefits are an increase in safety redundancy to detect remedy individual errors and an increase in efficiency the organized use of all existing resources which improves in flight management prioritizes delegates effectively to maintain focus on primary tasks keeps everyone 'in loop' actively communicating continuously monitors progress of flight are appropriate characteristics of a synergetic cockpit it important to establish difference between leadership which acquired authority which assigned an optimal situation exists when two are combined leadership involves teamwork the quality of a leader depends on success of leader's relationship with team. Question 115-37
What characterized a 'laissez faire' cockpit A passive approach the captain allows decisions choices actions other crew members. it important to discuss about different choices actions with crew (synergetic cockpit) but decisions have to be taken the captain. Question 115-38
Which of following operations are performed more effectively people than automatic systems 1 qualitative decision making2 waiting an infrequent phenomenon3 monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded4 detections of of unusual conditions smell noise etc A passive approach the captain allows decisions choices actions other crew members. it important to discuss about different choices actions with crew (synergetic cockpit) but decisions have to be taken the captain. Question 115-39
Which of following operations are performed more effectively automatic systems than people 1 waiting an infrequent phenomenon2 long term controlling of a set value e g holding of trajectory 3 monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded e g holding of flight path 4 qualitative decision making A passive approach the captain allows decisions choices actions other crew members. it important to discuss about different choices actions with crew (synergetic cockpit) but decisions have to be taken the captain. Question 115-40
As a result of automation in cockpits Communication coordination call an even greater effort on part of crew members. it important to discuss about different choices actions with crew (synergetic cockpit) but decisions have to be taken the captain.
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