Presbycusis results in ?
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Presbycusis causes initial loss of ?
Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause 1 Drowsiness and dizziness2 Hypoglycaemia3 Hyperventilation4 FlatulenceWhich of the following lists all the correct answers ?
Resonance of body parts can result from Vibrations from to hz. in examination of impact of vibration upon human body there are several characteristics of vibration that must betaken into account direction rotation frequency magnitude point of entry duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration transmitted throughout body hence how body changes as a result direction of vibration expressed in terms of three linear axes these axes of vibration are fore and?aft (x axis) lateral (y axis) vertical (z axis) on human body x axis mapped as being from back to chest y axis from right to left side the z axis from foot to head in standing or recumbent individual buttocks to head in seated individual there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow ? roll pitch yaw which correspond to rotation about x y z axes respectively rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration frequency usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz (hz) exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts systems of body particularly if frequency of vibration corresponds to resonant frequency of that body part or system in such cases vibration in that area likely to be amplified therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of body for vibrations transmitted in z direction (e g seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to buttocks) resonance the abdomen including soft organs respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz with regard to transmission of vibration throughout body in general higher frequency of vibration faster vibration attenuated as it moves throughout body. 
Flights immediately after scuba diving using compressed gas to depths greater than 10 metres Are to be avoided because of possibility of decompression sickness. in examination of impact of vibration upon human body there are several characteristics of vibration that must betaken into account direction rotation frequency magnitude point of entry duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration transmitted throughout body hence how body changes as a result direction of vibration expressed in terms of three linear axes these axes of vibration are fore and?aft (x axis) lateral (y axis) vertical (z axis) on human body x axis mapped as being from back to chest y axis from right to left side the z axis from foot to head in standing or recumbent individual buttocks to head in seated individual there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow ? roll pitch yaw which correspond to rotation about x y z axes respectively rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration frequency usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz (hz) exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts systems of body particularly if frequency of vibration corresponds to resonant frequency of that body part or system in such cases vibration in that area likely to be amplified therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of body for vibrations transmitted in z direction (e g seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to buttocks) resonance the abdomen including soft organs respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz with regard to transmission of vibration throughout body in general higher frequency of vibration faster vibration attenuated as it moves throughout body. 
Hyperventilation A normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (i e when climbing a high mountain). hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. 
How does an increase in altitude affect haemoglobin oxygen saturation As altitude increases haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 8
How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility By looking at horizon. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 9
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout body By looking at horizon. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 10
State conditions which cause 'black hole effect' and danger to flight safety The 'black hole effect' can be caused flying over water at night on approach to an airfield which can create illusion that aircraft at a higher altitude than it is leading to a low approach being flown. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 11
Having a cold or an infection of upper respiratory tract you Should not fly because congestion of frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can seriously affect your ability to control yourself the aircraft. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 12
Glaucoma due to Increase in pressure of liquid within eye. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 13
Galactic radiation Steady reasonably predictable. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 14
Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately Steady reasonably predictable. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 15
Flying immediately following a dive with scuba diving equipment to a depth greater than 10 metres not advisable because Can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 8 ft. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 16
Hepatitis 'a' transmitted through Food or water which has been contaminated. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 17
Alcohol degrades Food or water which has been contaminated. alcohol has a significant effect on sleep cycle and after more than two or so glasses of wine or beer alcohol can largely eliminate all of rem sleep in first half of sleep period this can lead to subsequent alcohol withdrawal effects in second half of sleep period which will include sleep fragmentation ironically therefore although alcohol often used to promote relaxation sleep it has major disruptive effects on subsequent rest there are five phases of sleep usually when you are sleeping you begin at stage 1 go through each stage until reaching rem sleep then you begin cycle again each complete sleep cycle takes from 90 to 110 minutes your brain acts differently in each stage of sleep in some of stages your body may make movements but in others your arms legs will be immobile stage 1 sleep light sleep you experience a drifting in out of sleep you can be easily woken up your eye movement body movements slow down you may experience sudden jerky movement of your legs or other muscles these are known as hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks stage 2 around 50 percent of your time sleeping spent in stage 2 sleep during this stage eye movement stops your brain waves (a measure of activity level of brain) become slower stage 3 the first stage of deep sleep the brain waves are a combination of slow waves known as delta waves combined with faster waves during stage 3 sleep it can be very difficult to wake someone up if you are woken up during this stage you may feel groggy disoriented several minutes stage 4 sleep the second stage of deep sleep in this stage brain making slow delta waves almost exclusively in this stage it also very difficult to wake someone up both stages of deep sleep are important feeling refreshed in morning if these stages are too short sleep will not feel satisfying stage 5 rem (rapid eye movement) sleep the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs when you enter into rem sleep your breathing becomes fast irregular shallow your eyes will move rapidly your muscles become immobile heart rate blood pressure increase men may develop erections about 20 percent of sleep rem sleep adults. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 18
Among measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro intestinal upsets are endemic Avoidance of ice in cold drinks. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 19
Among factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are Relative movement cockpit height above ground. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 20
Among factors which affect visual acuity are Hypoxia age angular distance from fovea. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 21
Among factors which affect night vision are Age cabin altitudes above 5 ft smoking alcohol. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 22
A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because You have an increased susceptibility to fainting. the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia with loss of blood volume also risk of fainting aircrew are advised that in order to prevent very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 23
An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees. the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia with loss of blood volume also risk of fainting aircrew are advised that in order to prevent very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 24
After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35000 ft tuc time of useful consciousness will be approximately Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 25
Smoking cigarettes reduces capability of blood to carry oxygen because Haemoglobin has a greater affinity carbon monoxide than it has oxygen. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 26
A pilot climbing in a non pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass 'critical threshol at approximately Haemoglobin has a greater affinity carbon monoxide than it has oxygen. a pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be critical threshold where incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms greater than 50% with normal cockpit pressurization schedule critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 27
Tetanus transmitted through Bacteria in form of spores via a puncture in skin. a pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be critical threshold where incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms greater than 50% with normal cockpit pressurization schedule critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 28
Among factors that increase tolerance to long duration g forces are Bending forward or supine body position tensing of abdominal muscles. 'harnes does not help. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 29
Astigmatism caused A mis shapened cornea. 'harnes does not help. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 30
By 'long duration acceleration' we mean that it lasts more than A mis shapened cornea. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 31
Below 70000 ft what gas makes up major part of atmosphere A mis shapened cornea. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 32
Barotrauma of sinuses of nose Is caused differences in pressure between sinus cavities the outside air pressure. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 33
Barotrauma caused an increase or decrease in volume of gases contained in body's cavities which in practice are most frequent locations of such problems Facial sinuses middle ear dental cavities. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 34
Autokinesis can give pilot impression that A star another aircraft. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 35
At which altitude it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a rapid decompression Approximately 4 ft. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 36
At rest cardiac output quantity of blood heart pumps in one minute of an adult approximately Approximately 4 ft. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 37
Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100ml take to return to normal Approximately 4 ft. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 38
Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in Noise induced hearing loss. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 39
At which altitude may a degradation of night vision occur From approximately 6 m. cones are sensitive to day rods are used at night the effect of altitudinal hypoxia on night vision primarily one of an elevation of rod cone threshold although decreased cone function clearly demonstrated the loss of color vision at hypoxic altitudes decrement in central va usually insignificant however scotopic night vision at altitude can be significantly reduced scotopic vision has been reported to decrease 5% at 3 500 feet 20% at 10 000 feet 35% at 13 000 feet if supplemental oxygen not provided thus use of oxygen even at low pressure altitudes can be very important at night. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 112 Answer 40
If a stop over more than 24 hours correct action to Move to new time as soon as possible. if a stop over more than 24 hours your biological clock will be adapting to new time zone thus you must move to new time as soon as possible.
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