Which of the following statements is/are correct 1 REM sleep becomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night 2 REM sleep is more ?
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Which of the following statements is correct concerning flight in an environment of low contrast fog snow darkness haze ?
Which of the following is correct ?
Which of following statements concerning tiredness correct Tiredness a subjective sensation which may result in hypovigilance. tiredness can be result of physical and/or intellectual overload it the cause not result of reduced performance attention from everyday experience we know that both mental physical effort can cause fatigue fatigue leads to errors. 
When accelerating forward otoliths in utriculus/sacculus will Give illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards nose of a/c going up). tiredness can be result of physical and/or intellectual overload it the cause not result of reduced performance attention from everyday experience we know that both mental physical effort can cause fatigue fatigue leads to errors. 
Which of following statements concerning barotrauma are correct It caused pressure differentials between gases in hollow cavities of body the ambient pressure. barotrauma typically occurs when organism exposed to a significant change in ambient pressure such as when a scuba diver a free diver or an airplane passenger ascends or descends or during uncontrolled decompression of a pressure vessel barotrauma physical damage to body tissues caused a difference in pressure between a gas space inside or in contact with body the surrounding pressure. 
Which of following statements about hyperthermia correct Complete adaptation to heat in a hot country takes about a fortnight. hyperthermia defined as a temperature greater than 37 5 ? 38 3°c depending on reference that occurs without a change in body's temperature set point the normal human body temperature in a healthy adult can be as high as 37 7°c in late afternoon hyperthermia requires an elevation from temperature that would otherwise be expected such elevations range from mild to extreme body temperatures above 40°c can be life threatening. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 8
Which of following occurs in man if internal body temperature increases to 39°c Impairment of physical mental performance. the normal human body temperature in a healthy adult between 36 5°c 37 5 °c hyperthermia defined as a temperature greater than 37 5°c can lead to dehydration associated with heat stroke the skin may become red hot as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation sometimes leading to swollen lips this can lead to fainting or dizziness especially if person stands suddenly the person may become confused or hostile may seem intoxicated. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 9
Which of following list are symptoms of fatigue 1 diminished accommodation2 slowed reactions3 long term memory access problems4 being over talkative5 diminished motor skills Impairment of physical mental performance. the normal human body temperature in a healthy adult between 36 5°c 37 5 °c hyperthermia defined as a temperature greater than 37 5°c can lead to dehydration associated with heat stroke the skin may become red hot as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation sometimes leading to swollen lips this can lead to fainting or dizziness especially if person stands suddenly the person may become confused or hostile may seem intoxicated. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 10
Tuc time of useful consciousness The length of time during which an individual can act with both mental physical efficiency measured from moment at which he/she exposed to hypoxia. the normal human body temperature in a healthy adult between 36 5°c 37 5 °c hyperthermia defined as a temperature greater than 37 5°c can lead to dehydration associated with heat stroke the skin may become red hot as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation sometimes leading to swollen lips this can lead to fainting or dizziness especially if person stands suddenly the person may become confused or hostile may seem intoxicated. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 11
When considering eating habits of pilots Breakfast should bring about 25% of daily calorie intake. the normal human body temperature in a healthy adult between 36 5°c 37 5 °c hyperthermia defined as a temperature greater than 37 5°c can lead to dehydration associated with heat stroke the skin may become red hot as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation sometimes leading to swollen lips this can lead to fainting or dizziness especially if person stands suddenly the person may become confused or hostile may seem intoxicated. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 12
What are main sources of radiation at height Galactic (cosmic) caused galactic particles solar radiation caused solar flares. the term 'cosmic radiation' refers to any radiation that originates in outer space that is outside our solar system it composed of subatomic particles 'ray of energy such as gamma rays x rays some of this radiation reaches earth every day however earth's atmosphere absorbs much of it before it can reach ground another source of electromagnetic radiation produced bursts of energy from sun these radiation producing events known as 'solar flare (sun storms) occur from time to time rather than continuously the earth's atmosphere acts as a sort of radiation shield around our planet at ground level we benefit most from this shielding effect but when we fly we travel to altitudes where atmosphere thinner leaving us more exposed to cosmic radiation there are three main factors that can affect amount of exposure to cosmic radiation altitude higher we go greater dose latitude closer we get to poles greater dose duration longer we stay aloft greater dose since solar flares also can emit significant amounts of harmful radiation crews flying during periods of this kind of solar activity may be exposed to additional doses. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 13
Up to what altitude blood oxygen saturation reduction unlikely to affect a pilot's judgement Galactic (cosmic) caused galactic particles solar radiation caused solar flares. the term 'cosmic radiation' refers to any radiation that originates in outer space that is outside our solar system it composed of subatomic particles 'ray of energy such as gamma rays x rays some of this radiation reaches earth every day however earth's atmosphere absorbs much of it before it can reach ground another source of electromagnetic radiation produced bursts of energy from sun these radiation producing events known as 'solar flare (sun storms) occur from time to time rather than continuously the earth's atmosphere acts as a sort of radiation shield around our planet at ground level we benefit most from this shielding effect but when we fly we travel to altitudes where atmosphere thinner leaving us more exposed to cosmic radiation there are three main factors that can affect amount of exposure to cosmic radiation altitude higher we go greater dose latitude closer we get to poles greater dose duration longer we stay aloft greater dose since solar flares also can emit significant amounts of harmful radiation crews flying during periods of this kind of solar activity may be exposed to additional doses. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 14
What can cause spatial disorientation False perception of orientation of aircraft with respect to spatial references. spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight if brain receives conflicting information the pilot does not believe instruments. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 15
Trace elements should be obtained through False perception of orientation of aircraft with respect to spatial references. spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight if brain receives conflicting information the pilot does not believe instruments. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 16
The vestibular apparatus consists of Semi circular canals the otoliths. in red vestibular apparatus img /com_en/com040 703 jpg semi circular canals include posterior canal lateral canal anterior canal the inner ear contains vestibular system which contains motion gravity detecting sense organs this system located in temporal bone on each side of head each vestibular apparatus consists of two distinct structures semicircular canals the vestibule proper which contain otolith organs the vestibular system both semicircular canals the otolith organs sense changes in aircraft attitude the semicircular canals of inner ear sense changes in angular acceleration deceleration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 17
Cataract caused Semi circular canals the otoliths. in red vestibular apparatus img /com_en/com040 703 jpg semi circular canals include posterior canal lateral canal anterior canal the inner ear contains vestibular system which contains motion gravity detecting sense organs this system located in temporal bone on each side of head each vestibular apparatus consists of two distinct structures semicircular canals the vestibule proper which contain otolith organs the vestibular system both semicircular canals the otolith organs sense changes in aircraft attitude the semicircular canals of inner ear sense changes in angular acceleration deceleration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 18
Vision of terrain relief e g hills valleys etc Is based on binocular vision at short distances the rules of proportion perspective objects that are further away. in red vestibular apparatus img /com_en/com040 703 jpg semi circular canals include posterior canal lateral canal anterior canal the inner ear contains vestibular system which contains motion gravity detecting sense organs this system located in temporal bone on each side of head each vestibular apparatus consists of two distinct structures semicircular canals the vestibule proper which contain otolith organs the vestibular system both semicircular canals the otolith organs sense changes in aircraft attitude the semicircular canals of inner ear sense changes in angular acceleration deceleration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 19
What the correct action to counteract vertigo Is based on binocular vision at short distances the rules of proportion perspective objects that are further away. in red vestibular apparatus img /com_en/com040 703 jpg semi circular canals include posterior canal lateral canal anterior canal the inner ear contains vestibular system which contains motion gravity detecting sense organs this system located in temporal bone on each side of head each vestibular apparatus consists of two distinct structures semicircular canals the vestibule proper which contain otolith organs the vestibular system both semicircular canals the otolith organs sense changes in aircraft attitude the semicircular canals of inner ear sense changes in angular acceleration deceleration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 20
When a pilot suffers from hypothermia e g after loss of cabin heating his/her demand oxygen will be Is based on binocular vision at short distances the rules of proportion perspective objects that are further away. cold increases body's demand oxygen which required to burn carbohydrates in order to generate heat to keep body warm. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 21
What law s governs oxygen transfer at alveoli Is based on binocular vision at short distances the rules of proportion perspective objects that are further away. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 22
What meant presbycusis Gradual loss of hearing with age. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 23
What hypoxia Any condition where oxygen concentration of body below limits to meet needs of body tissues. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 24
What factors can lead to a deterioration in vision 1 hypoxia2 smoking3 poor diet lacking vitamin a4 exposure to bright lights which of following lists all correct statements Any condition where oxygen concentration of body below limits to meet needs of body tissues. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 25
What diseases can be associated with contaminated water Typhoid cholera dysentery. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 26
Medical conditions such as high blood pressure coronary problems and diabetes are associated with Typhoid cholera dysentery. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 27
Loss of elasticity of crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in Typhoid cholera dysentery. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 28
List constituent parts of blood and state their function Red cells carry oxygen white cells are involved in immunity platelets coagulate blood. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 29
Is it possible to survive depressurized flight at 40 000 feet more than 10 minutes Yes provided % oxygen immediately available from masks. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 30
Physical exercise in high temperatures tropical climates may Cause painful muscle abdominal cramps. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 31
Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying which of following statements correct Carbon monoxide odourless colourless. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 32
Information received from senses lost Within 2 seconds unless it rehearsed deliberately placed in long term memory. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 33
In flight incapacitation of a pilot most frequently caused Acute gastrointestinal disorders. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 34
Preventing hypoxia at altitude achieved Pressurizing air inside aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 9 %. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 35
Stimuli must be of a certain strength the receptors to pick them up this called Pressurizing air inside aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 9 %. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 36
By what action could pressure gradient between middle and outer ear be balanced Pressurizing air inside aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 9 %. the body's physiological processes will continue to function normally as long as body temperature maintained within a normal range maintenance of body temperature depends on body's ability to dissipate heat prolonged exposure to extreme heat may result in heat illness heat cramps are extremely painful muscle spasms that occur most commonly in calf abdomen although any muscle may be involved the occurrence related to excessive loss of water electrolytes (sodium chloride potassium calcium magnesium) which are essential elements in muscle contraction the balance of concentrations of these elements within body upset when there profuse sweating resulting in losses of large amounts of water small quantities of these electrolytes i e dehydration this imbalance will ultimately cause painful muscle contractions cramps. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 37
Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight If brain receives conflicting information the pilot does not believe instruments. spatial disorientation a false perception of orientation of aircraft with respect to spatial references the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation to rely entirely on indications of flight instruments. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 38
Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance. spatial disorientation a false perception of orientation of aircraft with respect to spatial references the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation to rely entirely on indications of flight instruments. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 39
Records of radiation are normally kept flights above Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 111 Answer 40
Presbyopia causes a Decrease of accommodation. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft.
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