Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up This is called ?
Training > professional
By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced ?
Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight ?
Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance. spatial disorientation a false perception of orientation of aircraft with respect to spatial references the procedure recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation to rely entirely on indications of flight instruments. 
Records of radiation are normally kept flights above Cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. 
Presbyopia causes a Decrease of accommodation. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. 
Presbycusis results in Reduction in perception of high tones first. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. Question 110-8
Presbycusis causes initial loss of Reduction in perception of high tones first. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. Question 110-9
Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause 1 drowsiness and dizziness2 hypoglycaemia3 hyperventilation4 flatulencewhich of following lists all correct answers Reduction in perception of high tones first. when discussing hazards to flight general crew passenger health radiation falls into 2 categories ionizing non ionizing radiation ionization involves displacement of electrically charged particles (electrons) from atoms the breakup of nuclei of atoms the resultant production of ions ionizing radiation also includes alpha rays/particles beta rays/particles gamma rays radon x rays is associated with radiation of ions cosmic radiation the collective term the radiation of high energy subatomic particles from space (exploding stars) to a lesser extent from sun the secondary (ionizing) radiation produced when high energy subatomic particles interact with nitrogen oxygen other elements of earth's atmosphere the easa established requirements operators to educate crewmembers of health risks to adjust work schedules of those exposed to high levels of radiation to measure or to sample radiation during flights above 49000 ft. Question 110-10
Resonance of body parts can result from Vibrations from to hz. in examination of impact of vibration upon human body there are several characteristics of vibration that must betaken into account direction rotation frequency magnitude point of entry duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration transmitted throughout body hence how body changes as a result direction of vibration expressed in terms of three linear axes these axes of vibration are fore and?aft (x axis) lateral (y axis) vertical (z axis) on human body x axis mapped as being from back to chest y axis from right to left side the z axis from foot to head in standing or recumbent individual buttocks to head in seated individual there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow ? roll pitch yaw which correspond to rotation about x y z axes respectively rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration frequency usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz (hz) exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts systems of body particularly if frequency of vibration corresponds to resonant frequency of that body part or system in such cases vibration in that area likely to be amplified therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of body for vibrations transmitted in z direction (e g seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to buttocks) resonance the abdomen including soft organs respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz with regard to transmission of vibration throughout body in general higher frequency of vibration faster vibration attenuated as it moves throughout body. Question 110-11
Flights immediately after scuba diving using compressed gas to depths greater than 10 metres Are to be avoided because of possibility of decompression sickness. in examination of impact of vibration upon human body there are several characteristics of vibration that must betaken into account direction rotation frequency magnitude point of entry duration are all factors which play a part in determining how vibration transmitted throughout body hence how body changes as a result direction of vibration expressed in terms of three linear axes these axes of vibration are fore and?aft (x axis) lateral (y axis) vertical (z axis) on human body x axis mapped as being from back to chest y axis from right to left side the z axis from foot to head in standing or recumbent individual buttocks to head in seated individual there are also three rotational vectors that vibration will follow ? roll pitch yaw which correspond to rotation about x y z axes respectively rotational vectors are not usually measured in investigations of occupational vibration frequency usually expressed in cycles per second in hertz (hz) exposure to certain vibration frequencies may have profound effects on specific parts systems of body particularly if frequency of vibration corresponds to resonant frequency of that body part or system in such cases vibration in that area likely to be amplified therefore may have more pronounced effects on that area as compared to other parts of body for vibrations transmitted in z direction (e g seated individuals where most vibration may be transmitted from a seat pan to buttocks) resonance the abdomen including soft organs respiration occurs at approximately 4 8 hz spinal upper torso resonances occur at 10 12 hz head neck resonance occurs at around 30 hz and eyeballs are resonant at 60 90 hz with regard to transmission of vibration throughout body in general higher frequency of vibration faster vibration attenuated as it moves throughout body. Question 110-12
Hyperventilation A normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (i e when climbing a high mountain). hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question 110-13
How does an increase in altitude affect haemoglobin oxygen saturation As altitude increases haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question 110-14
How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility By looking at horizon. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question 110-15
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout body By looking at horizon. hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide concentration of blood to below its normal level because one expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in body thereby raising bloos ph value (making it more alkaline) this initiates constriction of blood vessels which supply brain preventing transport of oxygen other molecules necessary the function of nervous system. Question 110-16
State conditions which cause 'black hole effect' and danger to flight safety The 'black hole effect' can be caused flying over water at night on approach to an airfield which can create illusion that aircraft at a higher altitude than it is leading to a low approach being flown. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question 110-17
Having a cold or an infection of upper respiratory tract you Should not fly because congestion of frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can seriously affect your ability to control yourself the aircraft. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question 110-18
Glaucoma due to Increase in pressure of liquid within eye. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question 110-19
Galactic radiation Steady reasonably predictable. a black hole approach illusion can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or unlit terrain to a lighted runway beyond which horizon not visible if pilot has no peripheral visual cues to be oriented relative to earth there may be illusion of being upright the runway itself to be tilted sloping a particularly hazardous black hole illusion involves approaching a runway under conditions with no lights before runway with city lights or rising terrain beyond runway these conditions may produce visual illusion of being too high on final approach resulting in pitching aircraft nose down to decrease perceived approach angle. Question 110-20
Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately Steady reasonably predictable. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question 110-21
Flying immediately following a dive with scuba diving equipment to a depth greater than 10 metres not advisable because Can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 8 ft. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question 110-22
Hepatitis 'a' transmitted through Food or water which has been contaminated. Most totally blind people have circadian rhythms that are 'free running' (i e that are not synchronized to environmental time cues that oscillate on a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours) why easa asks about free running circadian rhythms remains a mystery! for information this question belongs to learning objective 040 02 03 02 'body rythm sleep state approximate duration of a 'free running' rhythm'. Question 110-23
Alcohol degrades Food or water which has been contaminated. alcohol has a significant effect on sleep cycle and after more than two or so glasses of wine or beer alcohol can largely eliminate all of rem sleep in first half of sleep period this can lead to subsequent alcohol withdrawal effects in second half of sleep period which will include sleep fragmentation ironically therefore although alcohol often used to promote relaxation sleep it has major disruptive effects on subsequent rest there are five phases of sleep usually when you are sleeping you begin at stage 1 go through each stage until reaching rem sleep then you begin cycle again each complete sleep cycle takes from 90 to 110 minutes your brain acts differently in each stage of sleep in some of stages your body may make movements but in others your arms legs will be immobile stage 1 sleep light sleep you experience a drifting in out of sleep you can be easily woken up your eye movement body movements slow down you may experience sudden jerky movement of your legs or other muscles these are known as hypnic myoclonia or myoclonic jerks stage 2 around 50 percent of your time sleeping spent in stage 2 sleep during this stage eye movement stops your brain waves (a measure of activity level of brain) become slower stage 3 the first stage of deep sleep the brain waves are a combination of slow waves known as delta waves combined with faster waves during stage 3 sleep it can be very difficult to wake someone up if you are woken up during this stage you may feel groggy disoriented several minutes stage 4 sleep the second stage of deep sleep in this stage brain making slow delta waves almost exclusively in this stage it also very difficult to wake someone up both stages of deep sleep are important feeling refreshed in morning if these stages are too short sleep will not feel satisfying stage 5 rem (rapid eye movement) sleep the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs when you enter into rem sleep your breathing becomes fast irregular shallow your eyes will move rapidly your muscles become immobile heart rate blood pressure increase men may develop erections about 20 percent of sleep rem sleep adults. Question 110-24
Among measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro intestinal upsets are endemic Avoidance of ice in cold drinks. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question 110-25
Among factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are Relative movement cockpit height above ground. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question 110-26
Among factors which affect visual acuity are Hypoxia age angular distance from fovea. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question 110-27
Among factors which affect night vision are Age cabin altitudes above 5 ft smoking alcohol. acute gastro intestinal upsets may be infective or reactive to certain foods may pass with minor symptomatic treatment ice produced from unknown water sources is a common cause of gastro intestinal upsets for meats fruits cooking will indeed kill most of bacteria curries or gassy foods may cause flatulence but that better than gastro intestinal upsets flying should not be undertaken until applicant has recovered. Question 110-28
A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because You have an increased susceptibility to fainting. the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia with loss of blood volume also risk of fainting aircrew are advised that in order to prevent very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours. Question 110-29
An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees. the reason a pilot cannot fly straight after donating blood due to loss of haemoglobin which will cause a decrease tolerance to hypoxia with loss of blood volume also risk of fainting aircrew are advised that in order to prevent very slight risk of post transfusion faintness or syncope they should refrain from donating blood or plasma if they are required to fly within twenty four hours. Question 110-30
After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35000 ft tuc time of useful consciousness will be approximately Suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 110-31
Smoking cigarettes reduces capability of blood to carry oxygen because Haemoglobin has a greater affinity carbon monoxide than it has oxygen. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 110-32
A pilot climbing in a non pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass 'critical threshol at approximately Haemoglobin has a greater affinity carbon monoxide than it has oxygen. a pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be critical threshold where incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms greater than 50% with normal cockpit pressurization schedule critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude. Question 110-33
Tetanus transmitted through Bacteria in form of spores via a puncture in skin. a pressure altitude of 20000 ft seems to be critical threshold where incidence of decompression sickness increases rapidly the chance to experience decompression sickness symptoms greater than 50% with normal cockpit pressurization schedule critical cockpit pressure altitude of 21500 ft will be reached at 48000 ft flight altitude. Question 110-34
Among factors that increase tolerance to long duration g forces are Bending forward or supine body position tensing of abdominal muscles. 'harnes does not help. Question 110-35
Astigmatism caused A mis shapened cornea. 'harnes does not help. Question 110-36
By 'long duration acceleration' we mean that it lasts more than A mis shapened cornea. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question 110-37
Below 70000 ft what gas makes up major part of atmosphere A mis shapened cornea. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question 110-38
Barotrauma of sinuses of nose Is caused differences in pressure between sinus cavities the outside air pressure. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question 110-39
Barotrauma caused an increase or decrease in volume of gases contained in body's cavities which in practice are most frequent locations of such problems Facial sinuses middle ear dental cavities. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²). Question 110-40
Autokinesis can give pilot impression that A star another aircraft. long duration acceleration which can be experienced in various aircraft manoeuvres imposes forces which last more than 1 second have a duration of perhaps minutes the human tolerance to sustained acceleration depends principally on plateau level of acceleration imposed on body as response to long duration acceleration due to effects of physiological changes arising from distortion of tissues organs of body from alterations in flow distribution of blood body fluids acceleration describes change of velocity of an object is also a vector quantity with both magnitude direction an applied acceleration often referred to in terms of 'g' ratio of applied acceleration to gravitational constant g (9 81 m/s²).
Exclusive rights reserved. Reproduction prohibited under penalty of prosecution.
4359 Free Training Exam