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One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is ? [ Exam pilot ]

Question 108-1 : Carbon dioxide protein sugar fat

exemple 208 Carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide.

The body loses water via .1 the skin and the lungs.2 the kidneys.which of the ?

Question 108-2 : 1 and 2 are correct 1 is correct and 2 is not correct 1 is not correct and 2 is correct both are false

.the body loses water primarily by excreting it in urine from the kidneys also through the lungs as water vapor and through the skin as perspiration sweating exemple 212 1 and 2 are correct.1 and 2 are correct.

Under normal circumstances which gas will diffuse from the blood to the alveoli ?

Question 108-3 : Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxygen

exemple 216 Carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide.

The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for ?

Question 108-4 : Gases platelets protein red blood cells

.capillaries are the smallest blood vessels they form connections between the smallest arterioles and the smallest venules capillaries are essentially extensions of the inner linings of these larger vessels in their walls consists of endothelium a single layer of squamous epithelial cells these thin walls form the semipermeable membranes through which substances in the blood are exchanged for substances in the tissue fluid surrounding body cells . /com en/com040 433a jpg.the pores in capillary walls are thin slits that occur where two adjacent endothelial cells overlap the sizes of such openings and consequently the permeability of the capillary walls vary from tissue to tissue for example the capillaries in muscle tissues are less permeable than those of the liver spleen or bone marrow .the density of the capillaries within the tissue varies directly with the tissues' rates of metabolism thus muscle and nerve tissues which utilize relatively large quantities of oxygen and nutrients are richly supplied with capillaries while tissues of cartilage the epidermis and the cornea whose metabolic rates are very slow lack capillaries . /com en/com040 433b jpg.the patterns of capillary arrangement also differ in various body part for example some capillaries pass directly from arterioles to venule but others lead to highly branched networks such arrangements make it possible for the blood to follow different pathways through a tissue and to meet the varying demands of its cells during periods of exercise for example the blood can be directed into the capillary networks of the skeletal muscles where the cells are experiencing an increasing need for oxygen and nutrients at the same time the blood can bypass some of the capillary nets in the tissues of the digestive tract where the demand for blood is less critical .the distribution of blood in the various capillary pathways is regulated mainly by the smooth muscles that encircle the capillary entrances these muscles form precapillary sphincters which may close a capillary by contracting or open it by relaxing how precapillary sphincters are controlled is not clear but they seem to respond to the demands of the cells supplied by their individual capillaries when the cells are low in concentration of oxygen and nutrients the sphincter relaxes when the cellular needs are met the sphincter may contract again exemple 220 Gases.Gases.

The circulatory system amongst other things allows for .1 transportation of ?

Question 108-5 : 1 and 2 are correct 1 is correct and 2 is false 1 is false and 2 is correct both are false

exemple 224 1 and 2 are correct.1 and 2 are correct.

Someone who has anaemia has ?

Question 108-6 : Not enough functional haemoglobin not enough platelets not enough plasma not enough white blood cells

exemple 228 Not enough functional haemoglobin.Not enough functional haemoglobin.

The heart muscle is supplied with blood by ?

Question 108-7 : The coronary arteries the auricles ventricles the pulmonary veins

exemple 232 The coronary arteries.The coronary arteries.

The normal arterial blood pressure of a healthy adult at rest is ?

Question 108-8 : 120/80 mm hg 80/20 mm hg 180/120 mm hg 220/180 mm hg

exemple 236 120/80 mm hg.120/80 mm hg.

Which of the following statements is correct .the blood pressure which is ?

Question 108-9 : In the artery of the upper arm representing the pressure at heart level in the muscles of the upper arm in the veins of the upper arm in all the blood vessels of the body representing the pressure in the whole body

exemple 240 In the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level).In the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level).

Blood pressure depends on .1 the cardiac output.2 the resistance of the ?

Question 108-10 : 1 and 2 are correct 1 is correct 2 is false 1 is false 2 is correct 1 and 2 are both false

exemple 244 1 and 2 are correct.1 and 2 are correct.

The blood pressure depends on .1 the work of the heart.2 the peripheral ?

Question 108-11 : 1 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 2 and 3 are correct 4 is false 1 3 and 4 are correct 2 is false 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 is false

exemple 248 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Changes in blood pressure are measured by ?

Question 108-12 : Pressoreceptors arteriols adrenal glands pacemakers

exemple 252 Pressoreceptors.Pressoreceptors.

The pressoreceptors are located in ?

Question 108-13 : The carotid and aortic arterial vessels the intestines the heart the lungs

exemple 256 The carotid and aortic arterial vessels.The carotid and aortic arterial vessels.

When the pressoreceptors detect a lowering of the blood pressure there are ?

Question 108-14 : 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 is false 1 3 and 4 are correct 2 is false 1 2 and 4 are correct 3 is false 1 2 and 3 are correct 4 is false

.the 'adaptation mechanisms' are the means by which the body counteracts the lowering of the blood pressure ie attempts to raise the blood presure exemple 260 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false.

The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on .1 the ?

Question 108-15 : 1 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 2 3 are correct 4 is false 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 is false 1 and 4 are correct 3 is false

.all four will influence the effect of g forces if high g forces are applied rapidly enough for a period of around five seconds or more then loss of consciousness can occur without any of the visual warning signs of low level tunnel vision or black out exemple 264 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Positive g will cause the blood flow to the brain to ?

Question 108-16 : Decrease remain constant increase first increase then decrease

exemple 268 Decrease.Decrease.

During sustained positive g forces the order of symptoms you can expect is ?

Question 108-17 : Grey out tunnel vision black out and unconsciousness unconsciousness black out tunnel vision and grey out black out grey out tunnel vision and unconsciousness grey out unconsciousness black out and tunnel vision

exemple 272 Grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.Grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.

The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about ?

Question 108-18 : 16 cycles per minute 4 cycles per minute 32 cycles per minute 72 cycles per minute

.respiratory rate breathing rate or respiratory frequency the number of breaths a person takes during one minute it is usually measured at rest while sitting .medical textbooks suggest that normal respiratory rate for adults is only 12 breaths per minute at rest most adults breathe much faster about 15 20 breaths per minute .if you forget in the exam then time your breathing and count exemple 276 16 cycles per minute.16 cycles per minute.

The volume of air exchanged during a normal breathing cycle tidal volume is ?

Question 108-19 : 500 ml of air 350 ml of air 150 ml of air 75 ml of air

.resting tidal volume volume of air going in and out of the lungs during normal respiration about 0 5 litres at rest exemple 280 500 ml of air.500 ml of air.

When exhaling the expired air contains ?

Question 108-20 : More carbon dioxide than the inspired air more nitrogen than the inhaled air less water vapour than the inhaled air more oxygen than the inhaled air

exemple 284 More carbon dioxide than the inspired air.More carbon dioxide than the inspired air.

The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be described by ?

Question 108-21 : The law of diffusion boyle's law dalton's law henry's law

.fick's law gas diffusion law gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration exemple 288 The law of diffusion.The law of diffusion.

Hyperventilation is ?

Question 108-22 : An increased lung ventilation a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood a decreased lung ventilation a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood

exemple 292 An increased lung ventilation.An increased lung ventilation.

If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need ?

Question 108-23 : The blood turns more alkaline the blood pressure in the brain will rise significantly the blood turns more acid the acid base balance of the blood will not change

exemple 296 The blood turns more alkaline.The blood turns more alkaline.

When hyperventilating you should ?

Question 108-24 : Control your rate and depth of breathing descend apply the valsalva method use the oxygen mask

exemple 300 Control your rate and depth of breathing.Control your rate and depth of breathing.

A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by ?

Question 108-25 : Controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag depending on instruments increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate harmful carbon dioxide the use of drugs stabilizing blood pressure

exemple 304 Controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag.Controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag.

You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag the ?

Question 108-26 : To raise the level of co2 in the blood as fast as possible to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lungs to reduce blood pressure

exemple 308 To raise the level of co2 in the blood as fast as possible.To raise the level of co2 in the blood as fast as possible.

Raising the sensory threshold of a sensory organ means ?

Question 108-27 : A lesser sensitivity a greater sensitivity a greater selectivity a lesser selectivity

.if a sensory threshold increases sensitivity decreases raising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means lesser sensitivity exemple 312 A lesser sensitivity.A lesser sensitivity.

Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by ?

Question 108-28 : The pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting standing or lying down a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical environmental stressors the condition of the body itself

exemple 316 The pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting, standing or lying down.The pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting, standing or lying down.

The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings but ?

Question 108-29 : The relative motion and relative position of his body parts a touch on the skin our surroundings the condition in the body itself

exemple 320 The relative motion and relative position of his body parts.The relative motion and relative position of his body parts.

A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of ?

Question 108-30 : Reflex data processing control system change of stimulation level

exemple 324 Reflex.Reflex.

The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by ?

Question 108-31 : The pupil the ciliary body the cornea the lens

exemple 328 The pupil.The pupil.

When focussing on near objects ?

Question 108-32 : The shape of lens gets more spherical the shape of lens gets flatter the cornea gets smaller the pupil gets larger

exemple 332 The shape of lens gets more spherical.The shape of lens gets more spherical.

The ability of the lens to change its shape is called ?

Question 108-33 : Accommodation binocular vision depth perception adaptation

exemple 336 Accommodation.Accommodation.

The mechanism of accommodation is controlled by ?

Question 108-34 : The functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens the elasticity of the optic nerves the functioning of the muscles of the eye the diameter of the pupil

.the eye accommodates for close vision by tightening the ciliary muscles allowing the pliable crystalline lens to become more rounded exemple 340 The functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens.The functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens.

Presbyopia is ?

Question 108-35 : Long sightedness linked with age short sightedness myopia high intra ocular pressure

exemple 344 Long sightedness linked with age.Long sightedness linked with age.

Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by .1 anaemia.2 ?

Question 108-36 : 1 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 2 and 3 are correct 2 3 and 4 are correct 1 3 and 4 are correct

exemple 348 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Glaucoma .1 can lead to total blindness.2 can lead to undetected reduction of ?

Question 108-37 : 1 2 and 3 are correct 1 and 3 are correct 2 is false 2 and 3 are correct 1 is false 1 is correct 2 and 3 are false

exemple 352 1, 2 and 3 are correct.1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Glaucoma is ?

Question 108-38 : High intra ocular pressure disturbed colour vision disturbed adaptation disturbed night vision

exemple 356 High intra-ocular pressure.High intra-ocular pressure.

The peripheral vision is important for ?

Question 108-39 : Detecting moving objects visual acuity binocular vision colour vision

Pawepa .i though that it is the central vision responsible for detail colour and movement ..you may not realize that when you use your e to see you are actually seeing in many directions at the same time what you see directly in front of your e is called your central vision what you see off to the sides is your peripheral vision .when we are concentrating on something we focus on what is directly in front of us such as the computer monitor or a book we are reading but our e are constantly aware of other things going on around us such as someone approaching from the side this is especially important during activities such as driving a car or playing sports a driver may catch a hint of motion out of the corner of her eye that alerts her to a pedestrian stepping off the curb or a basketball player may pass the ball to a teammate coming up on the side that he saw using peripheral vision people with limited peripheral vision lack this ability to see to the side and are forced to turn their e or even their entire heads to see what is not directly in front of them exemple 360 Detecting moving objects.Detecting moving objects.

Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is important during ?

Question 108-40 : Only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly it is tiring to look continually in the same direction only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good enough to see an object clearly the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is due to a lack of vitamin a

exemple 364 Only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly.Only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly.

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