CO carbon monoxide present in the smoke of cigarettes can lead to 1 reduction of time of useful consciousness2 hypoxia at a lower altitude than normal ?
Exam > pilot
Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to 1 loss of muscular power2 headache3 impaired judgement4 pain in the joints5 loss of consciousness ?
Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as ?
Disturbance of biological clock most likely to appear after a 1 bad night's sleep2 day flight amsterdam new york3 day flight amsterdam johannesburg4 night flight new york amsterdam 2 3 5 are correct. sleep has a restorative function is essential mental performance sleep deprivation disturbance can reduce alertness attention but a bad night's sleep will not disturbate biological clock disturbance of biological clock most likely to appear after long distance transmeridian air travel (such as amsterdam new york or new york amsterdam flights) amsterdam johannesburg has no significant time zone change jet lag the common term disturbance or desynchronization of body rhythms. 
The effects of sleep deprivation on performance 1 increase with altitude 2 decrease with altitude 3 increase with higher workload 4 decrease with higher workload which of following lists all correct statements 2 3 5 are correct. sleep has a restorative function is essential mental performance sleep deprivation disturbance can reduce alertness attention but a bad night's sleep will not disturbate biological clock disturbance of biological clock most likely to appear after long distance transmeridian air travel (such as amsterdam new york or new york amsterdam flights) amsterdam johannesburg has no significant time zone change jet lag the common term disturbance or desynchronization of body rhythms. 
Sleeplessness or disruption of sleeping patterns1 can lead to symptoms of drowsiness irritability and lack of concentration2 will make an individual more prone to make errors 2 are both correct. sleep has a restorative function is essential mental performance sleep deprivation disturbance can reduce alertness attention but a bad night's sleep will not disturbate biological clock disturbance of biological clock most likely to appear after long distance transmeridian air travel (such as amsterdam new york or new york amsterdam flights) amsterdam johannesburg has no significant time zone change jet lag the common term disturbance or desynchronization of body rhythms. 
Which of following statements is/are correct 1 a person experiencing sleep loss unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation2 performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep nap 2 are both correct. the biggest danger of sleep deprivation that it's difficult to recognise signs until it's too late like falling asleep when driving. Question 107-8
The sleep cycles repeat during course of a night's sleep 1 each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep 2 frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful 2 are both correct. both statements are correct each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep rem sleep more important the regeneration of mental functions than all other sleep stages are frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful (rem sleep involved in mental recuperation). Question 107-9
If someone hyperventilates due to stress his/her blood will become 2 are both correct. both statements are correct each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep rem sleep more important the regeneration of mental functions than all other sleep stages are frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful (rem sleep involved in mental recuperation). Question 107-10
What can be said concerning following two statements 1 euphoria can be a symptom of hypoxia 2 someone in an euphoric condition more prone to error 2 are both correct. both statements are correct each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep rem sleep more important the regeneration of mental functions than all other sleep stages are frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful (rem sleep involved in mental recuperation). Question 107-11
On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight it recommended that You avoid head movements rely on your instruments. both statements are correct each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep rem sleep more important the regeneration of mental functions than all other sleep stages are frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful (rem sleep involved in mental recuperation). Question 107-12
Among symptoms of hypoglycaemia are Headache lack of concentration. both statements are correct each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of rem sleep rem sleep more important the regeneration of mental functions than all other sleep stages are frequent interruption of rem sleep may be harmful (rem sleep involved in mental recuperation). Question 107-13
To prevent gastro intestinal problems in tropical climates you should 1 not eat salad or raw vegetables2 always peel fruit3 only eat food that has been properly cooked4 avoid ice creamwhich of following lists all correct answers Headache lack of concentration. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-14
To resynchronize a circadian rhythm it takes more time after Headache lack of concentration. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-15
Caffeine may cause an increase in cardiac rate restlessness/nervousness insomnia anxiety and intestinal irritability excessive consumption considered to be in excess of Headache lack of concentration. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-16
Carbon monoxide poisoning can be treated Increasing amount of oxygen being physically dissolved in blood. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-17
Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused 1 climbing to a high altitude without using additional oxygen2 malfunction in oxygen supply system3 loss of cabin pressurization at high altitudewhich of following lists all correct answers Increasing amount of oxygen being physically dissolved in blood. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-18
In order to avoid hypoglycaemia A pilot should eat regularly ensure he/she has a balanced diet. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-19
In case of changes to circadian rhythms readjustment to a new time zone Is most rapid when flying westbound. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-20
In tropical zones it recommended that Cold drinks be taken from sealed containers. food beverage hygiene act as a exposure prophylaxis against travel diarrhoea other intestinal infections only use fresh boiled (tea coffee) or originally bottled sealed beverages in field use water filters iodine etc water treatment no ice into drinks no ice cream no raw milk or dairy products only well done or well boiled meat or fish avoid raw fish raw seafood no raw salad only fruits that can be peeled oneself or under ones own supervision no dishes with cold dressings (e g ketchup) mayonnaise or products of raw eggs no sandwiches with salad or mayonnaise avoid dishes that have been kept warm long periods of time the fresh thorough preparation of food essential thorough hand body hygiene use mineral water brushing teeth avoid tableware cutlery that may have cleaned in dirty water (if applicable drinking from bottle or can) peel it boil it or forget it!. Question 107-21
Night vision Requires up to 3 minutes to reach its best performance. dark adaptation dark adaptation an independent process during which each eye adjusts from a high luminance setting to a low luminance setting the exact mechanisms are unclear but they are known to include biochemical physical neural both rods cones contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments the photopigment in rods called rhodopsin there are three different types of cone photopigments that are composed of opsins only slightly different from rhodopsin upon exposure to light photopigments undergo a chemical reaction that converts light energy to electrical activity initiating visual impulses in retina that are conducted nerve fibers from eye to brain the initial chemical reaction called light adaptation and in this process photopigments are decomposed intense light will decompose photoreceptor pigments rapidly completely thus reducing retinal sensitivity to dim light regeneration of photopigments occurs during dark adaptation the fully dark adapted eye in which photopigment regeneration complete restores retinal sensitivity to its maximal level rods cones differ markedly however in their rate of dark adaptation cones attain maximum sensitivity in 5 7 minutes while rods require 30 45 minutes or longer of absolute darkness to attain maximum sensitivity after exposure to bright light the cones have a faster rate of photochemical regeneration because they function in greater light than rods the cones however do not achieve same level of sensitivity as rods the rods slowly adapt to dim illumination but eventually achieve a much greater sensitivity than cones depending on preadaptation to light dark adaptation about 80% complete within 30 minutes but it may take hours or even days to acquire total dark adaptation. Question 107-22
On approach day in snowy conditions without reference to glideslope information Judgement of height extremely difficult. dark adaptation dark adaptation an independent process during which each eye adjusts from a high luminance setting to a low luminance setting the exact mechanisms are unclear but they are known to include biochemical physical neural both rods cones contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments the photopigment in rods called rhodopsin there are three different types of cone photopigments that are composed of opsins only slightly different from rhodopsin upon exposure to light photopigments undergo a chemical reaction that converts light energy to electrical activity initiating visual impulses in retina that are conducted nerve fibers from eye to brain the initial chemical reaction called light adaptation and in this process photopigments are decomposed intense light will decompose photoreceptor pigments rapidly completely thus reducing retinal sensitivity to dim light regeneration of photopigments occurs during dark adaptation the fully dark adapted eye in which photopigment regeneration complete restores retinal sensitivity to its maximal level rods cones differ markedly however in their rate of dark adaptation cones attain maximum sensitivity in 5 7 minutes while rods require 30 45 minutes or longer of absolute darkness to attain maximum sensitivity after exposure to bright light the cones have a faster rate of photochemical regeneration because they function in greater light than rods the cones however do not achieve same level of sensitivity as rods the rods slowly adapt to dim illumination but eventually achieve a much greater sensitivity than cones depending on preadaptation to light dark adaptation about 80% complete within 30 minutes but it may take hours or even days to acquire total dark adaptation. Question 107-23
The circulation of blood 1 transports oxygen to body cells2 withdraws waste products from cells3 conveys nutrients to cellswhich of following lists all correct answers Judgement of height extremely difficult. dark adaptation dark adaptation an independent process during which each eye adjusts from a high luminance setting to a low luminance setting the exact mechanisms are unclear but they are known to include biochemical physical neural both rods cones contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments the photopigment in rods called rhodopsin there are three different types of cone photopigments that are composed of opsins only slightly different from rhodopsin upon exposure to light photopigments undergo a chemical reaction that converts light energy to electrical activity initiating visual impulses in retina that are conducted nerve fibers from eye to brain the initial chemical reaction called light adaptation and in this process photopigments are decomposed intense light will decompose photoreceptor pigments rapidly completely thus reducing retinal sensitivity to dim light regeneration of photopigments occurs during dark adaptation the fully dark adapted eye in which photopigment regeneration complete restores retinal sensitivity to its maximal level rods cones differ markedly however in their rate of dark adaptation cones attain maximum sensitivity in 5 7 minutes while rods require 30 45 minutes or longer of absolute darkness to attain maximum sensitivity after exposure to bright light the cones have a faster rate of photochemical regeneration because they function in greater light than rods the cones however do not achieve same level of sensitivity as rods the rods slowly adapt to dim illumination but eventually achieve a much greater sensitivity than cones depending on preadaptation to light dark adaptation about 80% complete within 30 minutes but it may take hours or even days to acquire total dark adaptation. Question 107-24
The dry atmosphere of flight deck may cause dehydration which may lead to a reduction in ability to pay attention to prevent this it appropriate to Drink sufficient non carbonated liquids. dark adaptation dark adaptation an independent process during which each eye adjusts from a high luminance setting to a low luminance setting the exact mechanisms are unclear but they are known to include biochemical physical neural both rods cones contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments the photopigment in rods called rhodopsin there are three different types of cone photopigments that are composed of opsins only slightly different from rhodopsin upon exposure to light photopigments undergo a chemical reaction that converts light energy to electrical activity initiating visual impulses in retina that are conducted nerve fibers from eye to brain the initial chemical reaction called light adaptation and in this process photopigments are decomposed intense light will decompose photoreceptor pigments rapidly completely thus reducing retinal sensitivity to dim light regeneration of photopigments occurs during dark adaptation the fully dark adapted eye in which photopigment regeneration complete restores retinal sensitivity to its maximal level rods cones differ markedly however in their rate of dark adaptation cones attain maximum sensitivity in 5 7 minutes while rods require 30 45 minutes or longer of absolute darkness to attain maximum sensitivity after exposure to bright light the cones have a faster rate of photochemical regeneration because they function in greater light than rods the cones however do not achieve same level of sensitivity as rods the rods slowly adapt to dim illumination but eventually achieve a much greater sensitivity than cones depending on preadaptation to light dark adaptation about 80% complete within 30 minutes but it may take hours or even days to acquire total dark adaptation. Question 107-25
The exchange of gases between alveoli and blood due to Drink sufficient non carbonated liquids. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question 107-26
The total gas volume of lung the sum of 1 tidal volume2 inspiratory reserve volume3 expiratory reserve volume4 residual volumewhich of following lists correct combination Drink sufficient non carbonated liquids. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question 107-27
To avoid incapacity due to gastro intestinal problems it recommended that a simple easily digested meal before boarding aircraft should be accompanied Non carbonated water. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question 107-28
To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes It recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans or periodically focuses on a distant object such as a wing tip or cloud edge. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question 107-29
What human function most sensitive to lack of oxygen It recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans or periodically focuses on a distant object such as a wing tip or cloud edge. fick's law (gas diffusion law) gas will diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Question 107-30
Which of following gases fundamentally responsible decompression sickness It recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans or periodically focuses on a distant object such as a wing tip or cloud edge. decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved nitrogen as nitrogen in air inhaled it dissolves in body reaches equilibrium with liquid phase (tissue blood) the concentration of nitrogen dissolved proportional to partial pressure of nitrogen in inhaled gas (henry's law) as one descends below surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude partial pressures of gases in breathing mixture decrease if nitrogen partial pressure in breathing gas reduced or eliminated a gradient established across alveoli nitrogen off gassed from various tissue compartments may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium. Question 107-31
You suffered a rapid decompression without appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms what should you do before flying Seek prompt aeromedical advice. decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved nitrogen as nitrogen in air inhaled it dissolves in body reaches equilibrium with liquid phase (tissue blood) the concentration of nitrogen dissolved proportional to partial pressure of nitrogen in inhaled gas (henry's law) as one descends below surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude partial pressures of gases in breathing mixture decrease if nitrogen partial pressure in breathing gas reduced or eliminated a gradient established across alveoli nitrogen off gassed from various tissue compartments may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium. Question 107-32
Perceptional illusions are Normal can be prevented trusting instrument read out. decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved nitrogen as nitrogen in air inhaled it dissolves in body reaches equilibrium with liquid phase (tissue blood) the concentration of nitrogen dissolved proportional to partial pressure of nitrogen in inhaled gas (henry's law) as one descends below surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude partial pressures of gases in breathing mixture decrease if nitrogen partial pressure in breathing gas reduced or eliminated a gradient established across alveoli nitrogen off gassed from various tissue compartments may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium. Question 107-33
Ozone in air of a pressurized cabin can be eliminated Normal can be prevented trusting instrument read out. decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved nitrogen as nitrogen in air inhaled it dissolves in body reaches equilibrium with liquid phase (tissue blood) the concentration of nitrogen dissolved proportional to partial pressure of nitrogen in inhaled gas (henry's law) as one descends below surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude partial pressures of gases in breathing mixture decrease if nitrogen partial pressure in breathing gas reduced or eliminated a gradient established across alveoli nitrogen off gassed from various tissue compartments may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium. Question 107-34
One of earliest and most significant features of hypothermia extreme cold Normal can be prevented trusting instrument read out. decompression sickness results from bubbles formed as dissolved gases come out of solution in tissues due to a drop in ambient pressure the principal gas involved nitrogen as nitrogen in air inhaled it dissolves in body reaches equilibrium with liquid phase (tissue blood) the concentration of nitrogen dissolved proportional to partial pressure of nitrogen in inhaled gas (henry's law) as one descends below surface these partial pressures increase with depth as one ascends from depth or climbs in altitude partial pressures of gases in breathing mixture decrease if nitrogen partial pressure in breathing gas reduced or eliminated a gradient established across alveoli nitrogen off gassed from various tissue compartments may require 12 hours or more to reach equilibrium. Question 107-35
Night vision significantly reduced i e a loss of more than 25% at 15000 ft in which stage of hypoxia Normal can be prevented trusting instrument read out. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death. Question 107-36
One of dangers of extreme cold that Sleepiness occurs associated with a feeling of contentment or apathy. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death. Question 107-37
The cornea and crystalline lens of eye Cause convergence of light rays onto retina. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death. Question 107-38
The following three conditions will decrease your g tolerance Obesity alcohol sleep deprivation. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death. Question 107-39
The eye can fully adjust to High levels of illumination in seconds darkness in 3 minutes. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death. Question 107-40
The eustachian tube the passage way between Throat the middle ear. the effects of hypoxia can be categorized into four stages according to altitude it should be borne in mind that there not exactitude in these stages there individual variability 1) indifferent stage (sea level to 10000 ft) in this stage compensatory mechanisms are activated with an increased heart rate respiratory rate tidal volume there a decrease in night vision (dark adaptation) performance decrement in accomplishing novel tasks latter of consequence in event of an emergency requiring initiative quick action 2) compensatory stage (10000 to 15000 ft) the compensatory mechanisms become more active some signs symptoms may appear according to individual variability drowsiness increased reaction time slowing of mental processes could affect ability to perform in cockpit 3) disturbance stage (15000 to 20000 ft) overt signs symptoms of hypoxia are manifest with inadequate response of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome this physiological stress performance decrement becomes inevitable endangering flight 4) critical stage (over 20000 ft) the central nervous system (cns) the cardiovascular system (cvs) are severely compromised with eventual loss of consciousness possibly death.
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