The part s of the eye responsible for night vision ?
Exam > pilot
The fovea ?
When the optical image forms in front of the retina this results in ?
Noise induced hearing loss influenced The duration intensity of a noise. 
In order to reduce risk of coronary artery disease exercise should Double resting heart rate at least 2 minutes three times a week. 
The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about Double resting heart rate at least 2 minutes three times a week. it takes about a day to shift one time zone the internal circadian clock adapts slowly to abrupt changes of time cues the rate of adaptation has been reported to follow a number of models rates of one hour per day without countermeasures or quicker adaptation during first days have all been quoted however since adaptation highly dependent on individual to direction of flight to number of time zones crossed to exposure to environmental cues any simplistic formula inappropriate the direction of time zone change particularly important in general adaptation after eastbound travel much slower than after westbound flight example during summer after a flight from london to kuala lumpur (malaysia) time change 7h it will take 7 to 10 days to acclimate to new time zone. 
The duration of a period of sleep governed primarily The point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to sleep. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 8
Hyperventilation due to an excessive rate of breathing and can produce following symptoms Dizziness tingling sensation in fingers toes nausea blurred vision. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 9
In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba diving subsequent flights should be delayed Dizziness tingling sensation in fingers toes nausea blurred vision. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 10
During flight in imc instrument meteorological conditions most reliable sense which should be used to overcome illusions the Visual sense interpreting attitude indicator. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 11
The chemical substance responsible addiction to tobacco Visual sense interpreting attitude indicator. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 12
It inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold the reason this The tissue around nasal end of eustachian tube likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising pressure within middle ear the nasal/throat area pain damage to eardrum can result particularly during fast descents. the timing of adult sleep governed circadian rhythms physiological changes that follow a 24 hour cycle many of these changes are influenced your exposure to light when you expose yourself to sunlight each morning you help maintain your internal clock even if you are sleep deprived morning light exposure helps ensure that you will be more alert during day than you are at night as day wears on darkness falls your body begins to produce less cortisol (a hormone that keeps you alert) more melatonin (the hormone of drowsiness) when you expose yourself to bright artificial lighting in evening particularly to lights that include blue part of spectrum you delay these changes may find it harder to fall asleep. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 13
Incapacitation most dangerous when it The tissue around nasal end of eustachian tube likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising pressure within middle ear the nasal/throat area pain damage to eardrum can result particularly during fast descents. insidious incapacitation considered to be most dangerous form of incapacitation as it 'sneaks up on you' if you had an explosive decompression onset of hypoxia accompanying incapacitation would be very obvious therefore hopefully something would be done about it however if there was a slow decompression it possible that things could go unnoticed with a resulting insidious onset of hypoxia/incapacitation no action would be taken. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 14
Concerning circadian rhythm disruption jet lag adjustment to destination time 1 takes longer when travelling west rather than travelling east2 takes longer when travelling east rather than travelling west3 varies little between individuals4 varies substantially among individualswhich of following lists all correct statements The tissue around nasal end of eustachian tube likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising pressure within middle ear the nasal/throat area pain damage to eardrum can result particularly during fast descents. insidious incapacitation considered to be most dangerous form of incapacitation as it 'sneaks up on you' if you had an explosive decompression onset of hypoxia accompanying incapacitation would be very obvious therefore hopefully something would be done about it however if there was a slow decompression it possible that things could go unnoticed with a resulting insidious onset of hypoxia/incapacitation no action would be taken. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 15
What seems to be main role of orthodox sleep It essentially allows physical recovery. non rapid eye movement or 'nrem' also called orthosleep or orthodoxsleep or slow wave sleep it characterized a slow alpha rhythm the absence of rem it involved in physical recovery whereas rem sleep called paradoxical sleep (mixture of alpha beta rhythms) which involved in mental recuperation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 16
What are main effects of a lack of sleep on performance It increases fatigue reduces concentration increases risk of sensory illusions. non rapid eye movement or 'nrem' also called orthosleep or orthodoxsleep or slow wave sleep it characterized a slow alpha rhythm the absence of rem it involved in physical recovery whereas rem sleep called paradoxical sleep (mixture of alpha beta rhythms) which involved in mental recuperation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 17
What the effect of tiredness on attention It reduces ability to manage multiple matters. non rapid eye movement or 'nrem' also called orthosleep or orthodoxsleep or slow wave sleep it characterized a slow alpha rhythm the absence of rem it involved in physical recovery whereas rem sleep called paradoxical sleep (mixture of alpha beta rhythms) which involved in mental recuperation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 18
Which of following statements are correct 1 modern aircraft allow 50 60% relative humidity in cabin air under any conditions of flight which satisfactory the body2 thirst a belated symptom of dehydration3 dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue4 drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise be lost It reduces ability to manage multiple matters. non rapid eye movement or 'nrem' also called orthosleep or orthodoxsleep or slow wave sleep it characterized a slow alpha rhythm the absence of rem it involved in physical recovery whereas rem sleep called paradoxical sleep (mixture of alpha beta rhythms) which involved in mental recuperation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 19
With regard to central vision which of following statements are correct 1 it due to functioning of rods 2 it enables details colours and movement to be seen 3 its very active both during day and at night4 it represents a zone where about 150000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity It reduces ability to manage multiple matters. options '1' '3' are non runners as rods aren't in central vision area cones are poor at night so choose answer without them (there's only one). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 20
What the procedure above 10000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression Don an oxygen mask descend to below ft. options '1' '3' are non runners as rods aren't in central vision area cones are poor at night so choose answer without them (there's only one). Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 21
What the approximate time of useful consciousness a seated pilot following a rapid decompression at 35000 ft Don an oxygen mask descend to below ft. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 22
Which the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur Descend to lowest possible level land as soon as possible. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 23
What decompression sickness A condition resulting from formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues fluids after a cabin pressure loss at high altitude. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 24
Noise induced hearing loss nihl caused Damage to sensitive membrane in cochlea due to overexposure to noise. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 25
Excessive exposure to noise can damage The sensitive membrane in cochlea. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 26
The inner ear able to perceive 1 angular acceleration 2 linear acceleration 3 noise The sensitive membrane in cochlea. img /com_en/com040 324 jpg the inner ear can be thought of as two organs semicircular canals which serve as body's balance organ (the inner ear able to detect acceleration deceleration posture rotation) the cochlea which serves as body's microphone converting sound pressure impulses from outer ear into electrical impulses which are passed on to brain via auditory nerve. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 27
Visual disturbances can be caused 1 hyperventilation2 hypoxia3 hypertension4 fatigue The sensitive membrane in cochlea. symptoms of hyperventilation blurred tunnelling clouding vision hypoxic hypoxia symptoms vision affected early colour perception reduced peripheral vision gradually lost the light sensitive cells of eye are particularly oxygen 'hungry' a deterioration of night vision can occur at altitudes as low as 5000 ft tunnel vision develops making it necessary to make larger head movements to scan instruments the external environment fatigue symptoms diminished vision reduced scan. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 28
Disorientation more likely to occur when pilot 1 flying in imc2 frequently changing between inside and outside references3 flying from imc into vmc4 approaching over still water at night The sensitive membrane in cochlea. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 29
Positive linear acceleration when flying in imc instrument meteorological conditions may cause a false sensation of The sensitive membrane in cochlea. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 30
Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in imc instrumental meteorological conditions may give illusion of The sensitive membrane in cochlea. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 31
Which of following are most favourable solutions to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance hypovigilance 1 healthy living2 use of amphetamines3 reducing intensity of light4 organising periods of rest during flight The sensitive membrane in cochlea. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 32
During gas exchange partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli The sensitive membrane in cochlea. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 33
The rate and depth of breathing primarily regulated the concentration of Carbon dioxide in blood. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 34
A pressurized cabin helps to prevent 1 decompression sickness 2 problem of expansion of gases in intestines 3 hypoxia 4 coronary desease Carbon dioxide in blood. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 35
Healthy people are usually capable of compensating a lack of oxygen up to 2 feet. visual references help to rectify disorientation. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 36
When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because The partial oxygen pressure lower than at sea level. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 37
Saturation of oxygen in blood at sea level approximately 98% this saturation decreases with 1 decreasing air pressure2 carbon monoxide poisoning3 increasing altitude4 increasing air pressure 2 3 are correct 4 false. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 38
The severity of hypoxia depends on 1 rate of decompression2 physical fitness3 flight level4 individual tolerance 2 3 4 are correct. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 39
Which of following statements concerning hypoxia correct It a potential threat to safety. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. Question Basics of Flight Physiology 105 Answer 40
Early symptoms of hypoxia could be 1 euphoria2 decreased rate and depth of breathing3 lack of concentration4 visual disturbances It a potential threat to safety. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria.
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