Healthy people are usually capable of compensating for a lack of oxygen up to ?
Exam > pilot
When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because ?
Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is approximately 98% This saturation decreases with 1 decreasing air pressure2 carbon monoxide poisoning3 increasing altitude4 increasing air pressure ?
The severity of hypoxia depends on 1 rate of decompression2 physical fitness3 flight level4 individual tolerance 2 3 4 are correct. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. 
Which of following statements concerning hypoxia correct It a potential threat to safety. we are about 75% water therefore air in our lungs always fully saturated with water vapour this means air in our lungs different to air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too this competes with other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted water vapour in our lungs 47 mmhg it always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it always fully saturated with water vapour the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level 103 mmhg (150 mmhg from atmosphere but take away constant 47 mmhg from water vapour this leaves 103 mmhg) so in our lungs sea level partial pressure of oxygen about 103 mmhg at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this enough normal fit people to get on above 10000 ft oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen added to air mix in mask at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg (just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned) between 33700 ft 40000 ft partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg (so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs only 55 mmhg) a normal fit person still ok as he at equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft (but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel strain and many do) above 40000 ft even 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push molecules into blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across lung wall we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to absorption release of oxygen it still able to gobble up oxygen from lungs almost fully saturate blood even at lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes (peru etc) have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft. 
Early symptoms of hypoxia could be 1 euphoria2 decreased rate and depth of breathing3 lack of concentration4 visual disturbances It a potential threat to safety. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. 
One of most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety It a potential threat to safety. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-8
Which of following symptoms can indicate hypoxia 1 blue lips and finger nails 2 euphoria 3 flatulence 4 unconsciousness It a potential threat to safety. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-9
You are crossing alps in a non pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15 000 feet you do not use oxygen mask because you feel fine this unsafe because Your judgement could be impaired. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-10
During a night flight at 10 000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has decreased in this case you can increase your acuity Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-11
During flight all crew members have one or more of following symptoms 1 blue lips2 mental disturbances3 tingling sensations in arms and/or legs4 reduction of peripheral visionwhich the possible cause Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-12
Which measure s will help to compensate hypoxia 1 descend below 10 000 ft 2 breathe 100% oxygen 3 climb to or above 10 000 ft 4 reduce physical activities Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-13
Oxygen combined with haemoglobin in blood transported Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-14
Haemoglobin Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-15
The following course of action should be taken if gastrointestinal complaints in flight crew occur before to take off 1 take standard medicines and advise doctor on returning from flight2 assess your own ability to fly if necessary with help of a doctor3 if in doubt about fitness to fly do not fly 4 reduce cabin temperature and drink before you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. the symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria. Question 104-16
Which of following systems are involved in motion sickness 1 hearing2 the vestibular system3 vision 4 the proprioceptive senses 'seat of pants sense'5 the gastrointestinal system Breathing extra oxygen through oxygen mask. motion sickness an inexpedient seemingly meaningless reaction to a balance system stimulation the currently most widely accepted theory of aetiology of motion sickness has been suggested reason semantically it contradictory that motion sickness under certain circumstances can be caused the absence of motion if a person has been adapted to a motion environment (like a ship) returns to a normal non moving environment he may become sick (mal débarquement) an experienced pilot flying a simulator easily feels sick due to lack of the customary vestibular stimuli in simulator may feel embarrassed when he realises that a much less experienced pilot not habituated to intimate correlation between certain visual inertial stimuli of flying does not experience any simulator sickness symptoms at all motion sickness symptomatology can be described as an avalanche of symptoms developing at various speeds culminating in nausea vomiting the important initial symptoms are drowsiness (the first to yawn the first to throw up) headache then hyper salivation bodily warmth cold sweat paleness various degrees of mental depression or apathy develop this is accompanied the development of an awareness of stomach into epigastrial discomfort retching at same time a feeling of nausea (located to throat) develops culminating in vomiting followed a return to an earlier step of symptomatology very often just to realise that a new development of symptoms on its way. Question 104-17
In absence of external reference points sensation that vehicle in which you sitting moving when it in fact vehicle directly alongside which moving called Illusion of relative movement. motion sickness an inexpedient seemingly meaningless reaction to a balance system stimulation the currently most widely accepted theory of aetiology of motion sickness has been suggested reason semantically it contradictory that motion sickness under certain circumstances can be caused the absence of motion if a person has been adapted to a motion environment (like a ship) returns to a normal non moving environment he may become sick (mal débarquement) an experienced pilot flying a simulator easily feels sick due to lack of the customary vestibular stimuli in simulator may feel embarrassed when he realises that a much less experienced pilot not habituated to intimate correlation between certain visual inertial stimuli of flying does not experience any simulator sickness symptoms at all motion sickness symptomatology can be described as an avalanche of symptoms developing at various speeds culminating in nausea vomiting the important initial symptoms are drowsiness (the first to yawn the first to throw up) headache then hyper salivation bodily warmth cold sweat paleness various degrees of mental depression or apathy develop this is accompanied the development of an awareness of stomach into epigastrial discomfort retching at same time a feeling of nausea (located to throat) develops culminating in vomiting followed a return to an earlier step of symptomatology very often just to realise that a new development of symptoms on its way. Question 104-18
Which of following illusions are brought about conflicts between visual system and vestibular system 1 illusions concerning attitude of aircraft2 autokinetic illusion fixed point viewed as moving 3 illusions when estimating size and distance of objects4 illusions of rotation Illusion of relative movement. conflicts between visual system the vestibular system can occur when there visual stimulation in absence of vestibular stimulation there a delay between vestibular sensations of motion corresponding movements of a visual scene motions of a visual scene are distorted compared with motions of head. Question 104-19
The vestibular system composed of 1 two ventricles2 a saccule3 a utricle4 three semicircular channels Illusion of relative movement. conflicts between visual system the vestibular system can occur when there visual stimulation in absence of vestibular stimulation there a delay between vestibular sensations of motion corresponding movements of a visual scene motions of a visual scene are distorted compared with motions of head. Question 104-20
Which of following statement s is/are correct 1 the retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones on its central zone2 the retina has cones and crystalline lens has rods3 the rods allow night vision4 the cones are located on peripheral zone of retina Illusion of relative movement. img /com_en/com040 388a jpg img /com_en/com040 388b jpg the numbers of rods cones vary over surface of retina the percentage of cones not equal but as follows blue (4%) green (32%) red (64%) in addition cones are differentially distributed in retina the center of retina has a dense concentration of cones but no rods while periphery has many rods but few cones cones are active at high light levels allow us to see color fine detail directly in front of us the rods allow night vision. Question 104-21
In order to perceive colour vision it necessary 1 there to be a sufficient amount of light ambient luminosity 2 at night to look at point to be observed at an angle of 15° 3 to allow eye a period of time to get used to light 4 to avoid white light Illusion of relative movement. img /com_en/com040 388a jpg img /com_en/com040 388b jpg the numbers of rods cones vary over surface of retina the percentage of cones not equal but as follows blue (4%) green (32%) red (64%) in addition cones are differentially distributed in retina the center of retina has a dense concentration of cones but no rods while periphery has many rods but few cones cones are active at high light levels allow us to see color fine detail directly in front of us the rods allow night vision. Question 104-22
The retina allows colour perception as a result of Cones located in its central part. img /com_en/com040 388a jpg img /com_en/com040 388b jpg the numbers of rods cones vary over surface of retina the percentage of cones not equal but as follows blue (4%) green (32%) red (64%) in addition cones are differentially distributed in retina the center of retina has a dense concentration of cones but no rods while periphery has many rods but few cones cones are active at high light levels allow us to see color fine detail directly in front of us the rods allow night vision. Question 104-23
Accommodation which enables a clear image to be obtained accomplished which of following The crystalline lens. img /com_en/com040 388a jpg img /com_en/com040 388b jpg the numbers of rods cones vary over surface of retina the percentage of cones not equal but as follows blue (4%) green (32%) red (64%) in addition cones are differentially distributed in retina the center of retina has a dense concentration of cones but no rods while periphery has many rods but few cones cones are active at high light levels allow us to see color fine detail directly in front of us the rods allow night vision. Question 104-24
In civil air transport linear accelerations gx 1 do not exist2 have slight physiological consequences3 may in case of pull out lead to loss of consciousness4 may cause sensory illusions on pitch axis The crystalline lens. Please download faa publication concerning acceleration in aviation PDF 040_acceleration. Question 104-25
Which of following mechanisms regulate body temperature when exposed to extreme high environmental temperatures 1 shivering2 vaso constriction of peripheral blood vessels3 sweating4 vaso dilation of peripheral blood vessels The crystalline lens. sweating vaso dilation are reactions to high temperatures shivering vaso constriction are reactions to low temperatures. Question 104-26
The following can be observed when internal body temperature falls below 35°c Shivering will tend to cease be followed the onset of apathy. sweating vaso dilation are reactions to high temperatures shivering vaso constriction are reactions to low temperatures. Question 104-27
We can observe following in relation to a state of hypothermia Reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°c. ocense95 37ºc considered to be a high body temperature 36ºc a normal temperature so i think there must be an error on temperature the body adapts to heat better than it does to cold our cooling mechanisms are more effective the body can tolerate higher temperatures the human body temperature must be maintained between 35°c 38°c but 'norma temperature 37°c when internal body temperature falls there can be a number of adverse reactions including a loss of reasoning logic note that other answers are simply not true you can only select one of four answers offered this is without a doubt best answer. Question 104-28
With regard to decompression sickness associated with flight we know that Age obesity scuba diving are risk factors. ocense95 37ºc considered to be a high body temperature 36ºc a normal temperature so i think there must be an error on temperature the body adapts to heat better than it does to cold our cooling mechanisms are more effective the body can tolerate higher temperatures the human body temperature must be maintained between 35°c 38°c but 'norma temperature 37°c when internal body temperature falls there can be a number of adverse reactions including a loss of reasoning logic note that other answers are simply not true you can only select one of four answers offered this is without a doubt best answer. Question 104-29
The procedure to be followed in event of decompression when flying above 10000 ft must Allow the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia. ocense95 37ºc considered to be a high body temperature 36ºc a normal temperature so i think there must be an error on temperature the body adapts to heat better than it does to cold our cooling mechanisms are more effective the body can tolerate higher temperatures the human body temperature must be maintained between 35°c 38°c but 'norma temperature 37°c when internal body temperature falls there can be a number of adverse reactions including a loss of reasoning logic note that other answers are simply not true you can only select one of four answers offered this is without a doubt best answer. Question 104-30
What the 'time of useful consciousnes a rapid decompression at 25 000 ft Between 3 5 minutes depending on physical activities of subjected pilot. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-31
The time of useful consciousness may vary according to 1 physical activity of subjected crew2 experience of pilot on type of aircraft in question3 strength and time of decompression4 time of day Between 3 5 minutes depending on physical activities of subjected pilot. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-32
What the main problem caused positive +gz accelerations A pooling of blood in lower portions of body hence less blood available. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-33
Which of following statements are correct 1 hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities 2 man has effective natural protection against intense cold 3 shivering makes it possible to combat cold to a certain extent but uses up a lot of energy4 disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a body temperature of less than 35°c A pooling of blood in lower portions of body hence less blood available. Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-34
Rods scotopic visual cells allow Good night vision after adaptation to darkness (3 min). Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-35
Of following alternatives which effects are due to positive acceleration + gz 1 decrease in heart rate2 pooling of blood into lower parts of body3 drop in blood pressure above heart level4 downward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs Good night vision after adaptation to darkness (3 min). Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-36
To optimise one's night vision performance it necessary 1 to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination 2 to increase instrument panel lighting reducing cockpit lighting 3 not to focus on point to be observed 4 to avoid blinding sources of light Good night vision after adaptation to darkness (3 min). Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-37
Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance primarily due to Good night vision after adaptation to darkness (3 min). Img /com_en/com070 169 jpg . Question 104-38
What could be symptoms of hypoxia when flying without oxygen above 12000 ft Headache fatigue dizziness lack of coordination. in compensatory zone between 10000 ft to 15000 ft physiological automatic responses provide some protection against hypoxia trying to maintain homeostasis these include increases in respiratory volume increase in cardiac output blood pressure however after a short time effects of hypoxia are perceptible causing headache fatigue dizziness lack of coordination. Question 104-39
Autokinetic illusion An illusion in which a stationary point of light if stared at several seconds in dark may (without a frame of reference) appear to move. in compensatory zone between 10000 ft to 15000 ft physiological automatic responses provide some protection against hypoxia trying to maintain homeostasis these include increases in respiratory volume increase in cardiac output blood pressure however after a short time effects of hypoxia are perceptible causing headache fatigue dizziness lack of coordination. Question 104-40
Which of following statements are correct 1 scuba diving may be practiced without restriction2 many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety3 an adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying4 alcohol has no effect on inner ear An illusion in which a stationary point of light if stared at several seconds in dark may (without a frame of reference) appear to move. there are recommended restrictions of time before flying depending on what altitude you are flying statements 2 3 are correct statements 1 4 are incorrect.
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