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Define the term 'performance class 1' ? [ Exam pilot ]

Question 102-1 : Performance class 1 operations are those with performance such that in the event of failure of the critical power unit the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area depending on when the failure occurs performance class 1 operations are those operations such that in the event of critical power unit failure performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight except when the failure occurs early during the take off manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre in which cases a forced landing may be required performance class 1 operations are those operations such that in the event of a power unit failure at any time during the flight a forced landing may be required in a multi engine helicopter but will be required in a single engine helicopter performance class 1 helicopters means multi engine helicopters based on a critical engine failure concept which assures performance capability for continued safe flight in the event of an engine failure

exemple 202 Performance class 1 operations are those with performance such that, in the event of failure of the critical power unit, the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs.Performance class 1 operations are those with performance such that, in the event of failure of the critical power unit, the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs.

A helicopter of performance class 1 must achieve on take off a rate of climb of ?

Question 102-2 : 100 ft/min at 200 ft 150 ft/min at 60 m 1000 ft/min at 1000 ft 100 ft/min at 300 m

exemple 206 100 ft/min at 200 ft.100 ft/min at 200 ft.

As a cause of accidents the human factor ?

Question 102-3 : Is cited in approximately 70 80 % of aviation accidents has increased considerably since 1980 the percentage of accident in which this factor has been involved has more than tripled since this date which is cited in current statistics applies to the flight crew and atc only plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents it is much more important in general aviation

exemple 210 Is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents.Is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents.

Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that ?

Question 102-4 : There is hardly ever a single cause responsible only front line operators are involved failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation

exemple 214 There is hardly ever a single cause responsible.There is hardly ever a single cause responsible.

To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot an aircraft system should at least be ?

Question 102-5 : Report its malfunction report the deviation correct the deviation tolerate the deviation

When the system malfunctions it should report the unservicability to the pilot the pilot can see what the 'deviation' is and correct for it but he needs to know that it is the result of a system malfunction exemple 218 Report its malfunction.Report its malfunction.

When can a system be said to be tolerant to error when ?

Question 102-6 : The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety its safety system is too permeable to error its safety system has taken account of all statistically probable errors latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety

exemple 222 The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety.The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety.

Why must flight safety considerations consider the human error mechanism .1 it ?

Question 102-7 : 2 and 3 1 and 4 2 and 4 3 and 4

exemple 226 2 and 3.2 and 3.

The trend in aeroplane hull loss rate over the last three decades seems to be ?

Question 102-8 : The crew the manufacturer the number of engines the year of manufacture

Human error is by far the most pervasive contributing factor to accidents and incidents in technologically complex systems such as air transportation .one major data base of jet transport accidents worldwide indicates that 65 per cent of all such accidents have been attributed to flight crew error .it also indicates that for the approach and landing phases of flight which account for 4 per cent of total flight exposure time and 49 per cent of all accidents flight crew error is cited in 80 per cent of cases as a causal factor other sources of human error including maintenance dispatch and importantly air traffic control account for another significant proportion of accidents exemple 230 The crew.The crew.

One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in ?

Question 102-9 : Complacency among the crewmembers pilots disregarding the automatic equipment constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring tasks less experienced crews because of more transparent system details

exemple 234 Complacency among the crewmembers.Complacency among the crewmembers.

Between which components with reference to the shell concept covers pilot ?

Question 102-10 : Liveware hardware liveware software liveware environment liveware liveware

Admin .the shell model is a conceptual model of human factors that clarifies the scope of aviation human factors and assists in understanding the human factor relationships between aviation system resources/environment the flying subsystem and the human component in the aviation system the human subsystem .the shell model was first developed by edwards 1972 and later modified into a 'building block' structure by hawkins 1984 the model is named after the initial letters of its components software hardware environment liveware and places emphasis on the human being and human interfaces with other components of the aviation system . 1964.s = software procedures symbology etc .h = hardware machine .e = environment.l = liveware human .in the shell model the match or mismatch of the blocke interface is just as important as the characteristics of the blocks themselves a mismatch can be a source of human error .liveware hardware l h . interaction between human operator and machine . involves matching the physical features of the aircraft cockpit or equipment with the general characteristics of human users while considering the task or job to be performed .examples . designing passenger and crew seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body. designing cockpit displays and controls to match the sensory information processing and movement characteristics of human users while facilitating action sequencing minimising workload through location/layout and including safeguards for incorrect/inadvertent operation . mismatches at the l h interface may occur through . poorly designed equipment. inappropriate or missing operational material. badly located or coded instruments and control devices. warning systems that fail in alerting informational or guidance functions in abnormal situations etc . the old 3 pointer aircraft altimeter encouraged errors because it was very difficult for pilots to tell what information related to which pointer exemple 238 Liveware - hardware.Liveware - hardware.

The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual ?

Question 102-11 : Liveware software liveware hardware liveware environment liveware liveware

Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human error ?

Question 102-12 : 2 and 3 1 and 4 1 and 2 3 and 4

Admin . malfunction of technical systems and weather are not organisational factors .a complex fuel saving policies can lead to errors and a bad rostering may lead to fatigue which can lead to errors exemple 246 2 and 3.2 and 3.

The causes of human error can be abundant and complex which of the following ?

Question 102-13 : 1 2 3 and 4 1 2 and 3 2 and 3 2 3 and 4

exemple 250 1, 2, 3 and 4.1, 2, 3 and 4.

The errors of a motor programme are ?

Question 102-14 : Action slip and environmental capture habituation habituation and error of commission action slip and confirmation bias confirmation error and error of commission

.motor programmes .if a task is performed often enough it may eventually become automatic and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory these are known as motor programmes and are ingrained routines that have been established through practice .the use of a motor programme reduces the load on the central decision maker an often quoted example is that of driving a car at first each individual action such as gear changing is demanding but eventually the separate actions are combined into a motor programme and can be performed with little or no awareness these motor programmes allow us to carry out simultaneous activities such as having a conversation whilst driving . action slips as the name implies are the same as slips i e an action not carried out as intended .the example given below may consist of a pilot intending to key in fl110 into the fms but keying in fl100 by mistake after having been distracted by a query from his co pilot . /com en/com040 592 jpg. environmental capture may occur when a pilot carries out a certain task very frequently in a certain location thus a pilot used to reaching for a certain switch to select function a on an airbus a320 may inadvertently select the same switch on an airbus 321 when in fact it has a different function exemple 254 Action slip and environmental capture (habituation).Action slip and environmental capture (habituation).

With reference to the shell model s represents ?

Question 102-15 : Software which includes check lists security which includes safety self awareness which includes safety symbology which includes safety

exemple 258 Software (which includes check lists).Software (which includes check lists).

Who in the aviation industry is responsible for flight safety ?

Question 102-16 : Everyone involved aircrew aircrew and groundcrew management aircrew groundcrew and atc

exemple 262 Everyone involved.Everyone involved.

Ergonomics are associated with ?

Question 102-17 : The human/workplace interface cognition communications information processing

exemple 266 The human/workplace interface.The human/workplace interface.

Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good ?

Question 102-18 : 1 in 1000 times 1 in 100 times 1 in 10000 times 1 in 100000 times

.after a methodical training human error rates can be less than 1 in 1000 without training and methodology the error rate can be as high as 1 in 100 exemple 270 1 in 1000 times.1 in 1000 times.

Which of the following concepts relating to human reliability is true ?

Question 102-19 : If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly then sooner or later it will be response to a particular stressful influence does not vary from one person to another expectation has no influence on perception performance is totally independent of motivation

exemple 274 If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be.If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be.

What is the current approach to human error ?

Question 102-20 : Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error realisation that humans are infallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into line to prevent system/procedural errors realisation that humans are infallible and that systems/procedures should be designed to minimise human error realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into line to prevent system latent and procedural errors

.human factors as a term has to be clearly defined because when these words are used in the vernacular they are often applied to any factor related to humans the human element is the most flexible adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system but it is also the most vulnerable to influences which can adversely affect its performance .throughout the years some three out of four accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance this has commonly been classified as human error .the term 'human error' is of no help in accident prevention because although it may indicate where in the system a breakdown occurs it provides no guidance as to why it occurs an error attributed to humans in the system may have been design induced or stimulated by inadequate training badly designed procedures or the poor concept or layout of checklists or manuals further the term 'human error' allows concealment of the underlying factors which must be brought to the fore if accidents are to be prevented in fact contemporary safety thinking argues that human error should be the starting point rather than the stop rule in accident investigation and prevention .to contain and control human error one must first understand its nature there are basic concepts associated with the nature of human error the origins of errors can be fundamentally different and the consequences of similar errors can also be significantly different while some errors are due to carelessness negligence or poor judgement others may be induced by poorly designed equipment or may result from a normal reaction of a person to a particular situation the latter kind of error is likely to be repeated and its occurrence can be anticipated exemple 278 Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.

Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can ?

Question 102-21 : 1 in 100 1 in 500 1 in 1000 1 in 2000

exemple 282 1 in 100.1 in 100.

If one error is allowed to effect a whole system the system is described as ?

Question 102-22 : Vulnerable error prone error tolerant corrupted

.the entire system can collapse due to this error exemple 286 Vulnerable.Vulnerable.

In 1972 a psychologist named edwards presented a concept of the interface ?

Question 102-23 : The shell concept software hardware environment and liveware the shell concept software hardware economy and liveware the shell concept software harmony environment and location the shell concept software hardware environment and location

exemple 290 The shell concept. software, hardware, environment, and liveware.The shell concept. software, hardware, environment, and liveware.

What are the main advantages of the human over the machine ?

Question 102-24 : Creativity innovation and aptitude to deal with novel situations ability to recognize system failures and rectify them quicker than a machine ability to recognize limits on systems being exceeded quicker than a machine and resolve the situation logic and the use of human senses

exemple 294 Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.

What role should automation play with respect to flight safety ?

Question 102-25 : Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself automation should be used as much as possible to replace the pilot who will inevitably make mistakes automation should be used where pilots have to make decisions and manual flying should be compulsory in good weather conditions automation should only be used on flights when weather conditions are poor to enhance flight safety

exemple 298 Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself.Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself.

The most significant item of technical equipment introduced in the 1980s and ?

Question 102-26 : Gpws ssr tcas dme

exemple 302 Gpws.Gpws.

Which of the following list are factors necessary for the promotion of good ?

Question 102-27 : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 3 5 1 4

exemple 306 1, 2, 3.1, 2, 3.

In an organisation where good safety culture is predominant the accountability ?

Question 102-28 : Management board person individual shareholder

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 310 Management.Management.

Civil aviation is generally recognized for being ?

Question 102-29 : An open culture activity a closed culture activity both an open and closed culture a culture neither open nor closed

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 314 An open culture activity.An open culture activity.

Fill in the missing words in the following statements .safety culture is of ?

Question 102-30 : A sub set not a sub set independent not a product

Ecqb03 august 2016 exemple 318 A sub-set.A sub-set.

Without visual reference what illusion could the pilot get when he is stopping ?

Question 102-31 : Spinning into the opposite direction climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin spinning into the same direction straight and level flight

exemple 322 Spinning into the opposite direction.Spinning into the opposite direction.

A pilot accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get ?

Question 102-32 : The illusion of climbing or descending the feeling of rotation the illusion to turn the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left

exemple 326 The illusion of climbing or descending.The illusion of climbing or descending.

Which of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when subjected to ?

Question 102-33 : 1 2 and 3 are correct 4 and 5 only are correct 1 2 3 and 4 are correct only 5 is incorrect

The symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue visual disturbances lack of concentration euphoria .pain in the joints 'bends' is a symptom of decompression sickness .pain in the inner ear is a symptom of infection exemple 330 1, 2 and 3 are correct.1, 2 and 3 are correct.

The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on ?

Question 102-34 : 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4

exemple 334 1, 2, 3, 4.1, 2, 3, 4.

Vitamin a and possibly vitamins b and c are chemical factors and essential to ?

Question 102-35 : 1 and 3 are correct 2 and 4 are false 1 2 3 and 4 are correct only 4 is false 1 and 3 are false 2 and 4 are correct

exemple 338 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false.1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false.

Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at ?

Question 102-36 : 10 000 ft 8 000 ft 14 000 ft 18 000 ft

.we are about 75% water therefore the air in our lungs is always fully saturated with water vapour this means the air in our lungs is different to the air outside because it contains a much higher proportion of water vapour this water vapour exerts a partial pressure too and this competes with the other gases in our lungs the partial pressure exerted by water vapour in our lungs is 47 mmhg it is always 47 mmhg at any altitude whatever you are breathing in because it is always fully saturated with water vapour .. .the partial pressure of oxygen in our lungs at sea level is 103 mmhg 150 mmhg from the atmosphere but take away the constant 47 mmhg from the water vapour and this leaves 103 mmhg so in our lungs .. . sea level partial pressure of oxygen is about 103 mmhg . at 10000 ft this pressure drops to 55 mmhg but this is enough for normal fit people to get by on . above 10000 ft the oxygen concentration breathed in has to be increased to maintain the oxygen partial pressure at 103 mmhg ie more oxygen is added to the air mix in the mask . at 33700 ft breathing 100% oxygen still provides a partial pressure of 103 mmhg just like being at sea level as far as our bodies are concerned . between 33700 ft and 40000 ft the partial pressure of oxygen in your lungs decreases to 55 mmhg so although you are now breathing 100% oxygen through a mask the pressure this oxygen exerts in your lungs is only 55 mmhg a normal fit person is still ok as he is at the equivalent altitude of about 10000 ft but people with heart or lungs problems may start to feel the strain and many do . above 40000 ft even the 100% oxygen in your mask cannot provide enough pressure to push the molecules into the blood stream you need positive pressure added to your 100% oxygen to force it across the lung wall .. .we are ok up to 10000 ft because haemoglobin has cleverly adapted its behaviour with respect to the absorption and release of oxygen it is still able to gobble up oxygen from the lungs and almost fully saturate the blood even at the lower partial pressures experienced at 10000 ft this allows humans to live at these altitudes above 10000 ft though the haemoglobin struggles to absorb sufficient oxygen humans living above these altitudes peru etc have other adaptations but note there are almost no humans who live above about 12000 ft exemple 342 10 000 ft.10 000 ft.

At what altitude breathing 100% oxygen without pressure could symptoms of ?

Question 102-37 : Approximately 38 40 000 ft approximately 10 12 000 ft 22 000 ft approximately 35 000 ft

Benito .oxygen pressure drops over fl380 .i guess this is the actual reason what made easa choose this answer ..you are right .this question refers to learning objectives 040 02 01 02 respiratory and circulatory systems . hypoxia .state the equivalent altitudes when breathing ambient air and 100% oxygen for msl and approximately 10 000 ft 30 000 ft and 40 000 ft .above 40000 ft 100% oxygen alone is insufficient and it must be supplied under pressure to the oxygen mask exemple 346 Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.

You can survive at any altitude provided that ?

Question 102-38 : Enough oxygen pressure and heat is available 21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10°c

exemple 350 Enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available.Enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available.

The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which ?

Question 102-39 : Is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft decreases with increasing altitude increases with increasing altitude is dependent on the present air pressure

exemple 354 Is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft.Is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft.

The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34 000 ft is ?

Question 102-40 : 21% 5% 10 5% 42%

exemple 358 21%.21%.

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