Arrival and Approach segments General What are the names of all separate segments that can be part of an instrument approach procedure ?
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Altimeter setting procedures The transition from altitude to flight level and vice versa is performed ?
Circling approach One of the conditions to descent below the MDA on a circling approach is ?
Definitions icao doc 8168 what a turn executed the aircraft during initial approach between end of outbound track and beginning of intermediate or final approach track the tracks are not reciprocal The required visual references have been established can be maintained. doc 8168 base turn consisting of 1) a specified outbound track timing or dme distance from a facility followed by 2) a turn to intercept inbound track the outbound track and/or timing may be different the various categories of aircraft where this done separate procedures are published. 
Definitions what a manoeuvre in which a turn made away from a designated track followed a turn in opposite direction to permit aircraft to intercept and proceed along reciprocal of designated track called a The required visual references have been established can be maintained. doc 8168 base turn consisting of 1) a specified outbound track timing or dme distance from a facility followed by 2) a turn to intercept inbound track the outbound track and/or timing may be different the various categories of aircraft where this done separate procedures are published. 
Departure procedure design the main factor/s that dictate/s in general design of an instrument departure procedure is/are The terrain surrounding aerodrome. doc 8168 base turn consisting of 1) a specified outbound track timing or dme distance from a facility followed by 2) a turn to intercept inbound track the outbound track and/or timing may be different the various categories of aircraft where this done separate procedures are published. 
Dependent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that missed approach track one approach diverges At least 3 ° from missed approach track of adjacent approach. Pans atm doc4444 6 7 3 6 requirements and procedures for segregated parallel operations 6 7 3 6 1 segregated parallel operations may be conducted on parallel runways provided a) runway centre lines are spaced the distance specified in annex 14 volume i and b) the nominal departure track diverges immediately after take off at least 30 degrees from missed approach track of adjacent approach (see figure below) . Question 6-8
Final approach segmentduring a precision approach ils glide path interception occurs normally at heights above runway elevation between 3 m ( ft) to 9 m (3 ft). Typically glide path / mls elevation angle interception occurs at heights from 300 m (1000 ft) to 900 m (3000 ft) above runway elevation in that case on a 3° glide path / mls elevation angle interception occurs between 6 km (3 nm) 19 km (10 nm) from threshold doc 8168 5 4 2 final approach length 5 4 2 1 the intermediate approach altitude/height generally intercepts glide path/mls elevation angle at heights from 300 m (1 000 ft) to 900 m (3 000 ft) above runway elevation in this case a 3° glide path interception occurs between 6 km (3 nm) 19 km (10 nm) from threshold. Question 6-9
Holding procedures buffer area how far beyond boundary of holding area extends buffer area 3 m ( ft) to 9 m (3 ft). doc 8168 holding area the holding area includes basic holding area the entry area the basic holding area the airspace required a holding pattern at a specific level based on allowances aircraft speed wind effect timing errors holding fix characteristics etc the entry area the airspace required the entry procedure buffer area an additional buffer area extends 9 3 km (5 0 nm) beyond boundary of holding area significant obstacles in buffer area are taken into consideration when determining minimum holding level. Question 6-10
Holding procedures entry related to three entry sectors in a holding pattern there a zone of flexibility on either side of sectors boundaries of 3 m ( ft) to 9 m (3 ft). Doc8168 pans atm chapter 1 holding criteria 1 4 entry 1 4 1 the entry into holding pattern shall be according to heading in relation to three entry sectors (see figure below) recognizing a zone of flexibility of 5° on either side of sector boundaries sector 1 parallel entry sector 2 offset entry sector 3 direct entry example zone of flexibility on either side of boundaries of a parallel entry sector. Question 6-11
Holding procedures offset entry above 14000 ft in still air outbound time on a 30° offset track limited to 3 m ( ft) to 9 m (3 ft). Icao doc8168 1 4 9 time/distance outbound the still air time flying outbound entry heading should not exceed a) one minute if at or below 4 250 m (14 000 ft) or b) one one half minutes if above 4 250 m (14 000 ft) where dme available length of outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time. Question 6-12
Holding procedures entry you have received instructions to hold over a radio fix the published procedure all turns to right 1 minute outbound inbound magnetic track 052° you are approaching fix on magnetic track 232° select appropriate entry procedure Either offset or parallel. The inbound leg the one that bring you back over holding fix here inbound leg 052° outbound leg 232° the aircraft approaching holding fix on a magnetic track 232° as drawn below you have two options since aircraft on two sectors if you choose offset entry if you choose parallel entry . Question 6-13
Holding procedures outbound time the outbound time in a holding pattern at 14000 ft or below in still air conditions Either offset or parallel. icao doc8168 1 4 9 time/distance outbound the still air time flying outbound entry heading should not exceed a) one minute if at or below 4 250 m (14 000 ft) or b) one one half minutes if above 4 250 m (14 000 ft) where dme available length of outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time . Question 6-14
Holding procedures if any reasons a pilot unable to conform to procedures normal conditions laid down any particular holding pattern he should Advise atc as early as possible. A standard holding pattern uses right hand turns takes approximately 4 minutes to complete (one minute each 180 degree turn two one minute straight ahead sections). Question 6-15
Holding proceduresthe outbound time in a holding pattern above 14000 ft in still air conditions Advise atc as early as possible. icao doc8168 1 4 9 time/distance outbound the still air time flying outbound entry heading should not exceed a) one minute if at or below 4 250 m (14 000 ft) or b) one one half minutes if above 4 250 m (14 000 ft) where dme available length of outbound leg may be specified in terms of distance instead of time . Question 6-16
Horizontal separation independent parallel approaches a minimum radar separation shall be provided until aircraft are established inbound on ils localizer course and/or mls final approach track this minimum when independent parallel approaches are being conducted Advise atc as early as possible. doc pans atm 4444 6 7 3 2 4 a minimum of 300 m (1 000 ft) vertical separation or subject to radar system situation display capabilities a minimum of 5 6 km (3 0 nm) radar separation shall be provided until aircraft are established a) inbound on ils localizer course and/or mls final approach track and b) within normal operating zone (noz). Question 6-17
Horizontal separation independent parallel approaches such approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that missed approach track one approach diverges from missed approach track of adjacent approach at least Advise atc as early as possible. doc pans atm 4444 6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches 6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that c) missed approach track one approach diverges at least 30 degrees from missed approach track ofthe adjacent approach . Question 6-18
Ifr cruising levels within controlled airspace shall be given as flight level fl Above transition altitude when applicable. doc pans atm 4444 6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches 6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that c) missed approach track one approach diverges at least 30 degrees from missed approach track ofthe adjacent approach . Question 6-19
In pans ops abbreviation der stands doc 8168 Departure end of runway. doc pans atm 4444 6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches 6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that c) missed approach track one approach diverges at least 30 degrees from missed approach track ofthe adjacent approach . Question 6-20
Independent parallel approaches requirement a no transgression zoneindependent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that a no transgression zone ntz established equidistant between extended runway centre lines this ntz must be at least Departure end of runway. no transgression zone (ntz) in context of independent parallel approaches a corridor of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally between two extended runway centre lines where a penetration an aircraft requires a controller intervention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on adjacent approach pans atm doc 4444 6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures for independent parallel approaches 6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that g) a no transgression zone (ntz) at least 610 m (2 000 ft) wide established equidistant between extended runway centre lines is depicted on situation display . Question 6-21
Independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that a no transgression zone ntz of at least 6 m established between extended runway centre lines as depicted on radar display. Pans atm doc 4444 6 7 3 2 requirements and procedures forindependent parallel approaches 6 7 3 2 1 independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that g) a no transgression zone (ntz) at least 610 m (2 000 ft) wide established equidistant between extended runway centre lines is depicted on situation display . Question 6-22
Instrument departure procedure wind correction flying an instrument departure procedure pilots are expected to Correct track known wind to remain within protected airspace. doc 8168 procedures aircraft operations volume i 1 3 instrument departure procedure 1 3 3 wind effect 1 3 3 1 when flying departure routes expressed as tracks or bearings pilot shall compensate known or estimated winds 1 3 3 2 when being vectored pilot should not compensate wind effects. Question 6-23
Instrument departure procedures obstacle clearance the minimum obstacle clearance at departure end of runway der equals Correct track known wind to remain within protected airspace. Icao doc 8168 volume 1 1 4 obstacle clearance 1 4 1 the minimum obstacle clearance equals zero at departure end of runway (der) from that point it increases 0 8 per cent of horizontal distance in direction of flight assuming a maximum turn of 15°. Question 6-24
'instrument runway are following runways intended the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures Non precision approach runways precision approach runways category i ii iii. Instrument runway a runway equipped with visual electronic navigational aids which a precision or a nonprecision approach with straight in landing minimums has been approved there may be more than one instrument runway on an airfield the various types of instrument runways are the i non precision approach runway an instrument runway served visual aids a nonvisual aid providing at least directional guidance adequate a straight in approach ii precision approach runway category i an instrument runway served an ils (instrument landing system) and/or an mls (microwave landing system) visual aids intended operations with a decision height not lower than 200 ft iii precision approach runway category ii an instrument runway served an ils and/or an mls visual aids intended operation with a decision height lower than 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft iv precision approach runway category iii an instrument runway served an ils and/or an mls visual aids intended operation with a decision height lower than 100 ft. Question 6-25
The initial section of a missed approach procedure ends When established in climb. Instrument runway a runway equipped with visual electronic navigational aids which a precision or a nonprecision approach with straight in landing minimums has been approved there may be more than one instrument runway on an airfield the various types of instrument runways are the i non precision approach runway an instrument runway served visual aids a nonvisual aid providing at least directional guidance adequate a straight in approach ii precision approach runway category i an instrument runway served an ils (instrument landing system) and/or an mls (microwave landing system) visual aids intended operations with a decision height not lower than 200 ft iii precision approach runway category ii an instrument runway served an ils and/or an mls visual aids intended operation with a decision height lower than 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft iv precision approach runway category iii an instrument runway served an ils and/or an mls visual aids intended operation with a decision height lower than 100 ft. Question 6-26
Minimum level ifr over high terrain or mountainous areas where no minimum flight altitude has been established flights in accordance with ifr shall be flown at a level which at least 2 ft above highest obstacle located within 8 km of estimated position of aircraft. 1000 ft 8 km when not flying over high terrain or mountainous areas 2000 ft 8 km over high terrain or mountainous areas. Question 6-27
Ocaan oca referenced to 2 ft above highest obstacle located within 8 km of estimated position of aircraft. Oca means 'obstacle clearance altitude' it refers to mean sea level. Question 6-28
Ssr transponderpilots shall not squawk ident unless they 2 ft above highest obstacle located within 8 km of estimated position of aircraft. Pilots must only squawk idet if requested atc. Question 6-29
Ssr transponderwhen aircraft carries serviceable mode c transponder pilot shall continuously operate this mode Unless otherwise directed atc. This question asks about operation of mode c (height encoding) you operate this mode all time unless asked to switch it off atc because it inaccurate. Question 6-30
Ssr transponderwhen acknowledging mode / code setting instructions pilots shall Read back mode code to be set. This question asks about operation of mode c (height encoding) you operate this mode all time unless asked to switch it off atc because it inaccurate. Question 6-31
Ssr transponderwhen an aircraft subjected to unlawful interference pilot in command shall indicate situation setting transponder to mode a code Read back mode code to be set. 7600 if radio failure 7500 if hijack 7700 emergency doc 4444 15 1 3 unlawful interference aircraft bomb threat 15 1 3 2 whenever unlawful interference with an aircraft suspected where automatic distinct display of ssr mode a code 7500 code 7700 not provided controller shall attempt to verify any suspicion setting ssr decoder to mode a code 7500 thereafter to code 7700 note an aircraft equipped with an ssr transponder expected to operate transponder on mode a code 7500 to indicate specifically that it the subject of unlawful interference the aircraft may operate transponder on mode a code 7700 to indicate that it threatened grave imminent danger requires immediate assistance an aircraft equipped with other surveillance system transmitters including ads b ads c might send emergency and/or urgency signal all of available means. Question 6-32
Ssr transponderssr means Secondary surveillance radar. doc 4444 secondary surveillance radar (ssr) a surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) transponders primary surveillance radar (psr) a surveillance radar system which uses reflected radio signals. Question 6-33
Ssr transponderwhen an aircraft carries a serviceable transponder pilot shall operate transponder At all times during flight regardless of whether aircraft within or outside airspace where ssr used ats purposes. doc 4444 secondary surveillance radar (ssr) a surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) transponders primary surveillance radar (psr) a surveillance radar system which uses reflected radio signals. Question 6-34
Ssr special codesatc has assigned you transponder code 5320 in case of loosing two way radio communication you have to squawk At all times during flight regardless of whether aircraft within or outside airspace where ssr used ats purposes. doc 4444 secondary surveillance radar (ssr) a surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) transponders primary surveillance radar (psr) a surveillance radar system which uses reflected radio signals. Question 6-35
Standard instrument departure procedures straight departures a straight departure one in which initial departure track does not deviate from alignment of extended runway centre line more than At all times during flight regardless of whether aircraft within or outside airspace where ssr used ats purposes. Doc 8168 chapter 2 standard instrument departure 2 2 straight departures 2 2 1 alignment 2 2 1 1 a straight departure one in which initial departure track within 15° of alignment of runway centre line. Question 6-36
The tolerance value used to determine that mode c derived level information displayed to controller accurate shall be At all times during flight regardless of whether aircraft within or outside airspace where ssr used ats purposes. icao doc 4444 'procedures air navigation services air traffic management' 8 5 5 level information based onthe use of pressure altitude information 8 5 5 1 verification of level information 8 5 5 1 1 the tolerance value used to determine that pressure altitude derived level information displayed to controller accurate shall be + or 60 m (+ or 200 ft) in rvsm airspace in other airspace it shall be + or 90 m (+ or 300 ft) except that appropriate ats authority may specify a smaller criterion but not less than + or 60 m (+ or 200 ft) if this found to be more practical geometric height information shall not be used separation. Question 6-37
The visual contact with runway lost on down wind leg while circling to land following an instrument approach you have to initiate a go around Make an initial climbing turn towards runway initiate missed approach procedure. Icao doc 8168 volume 1 7 4 missed approach procedure while circling 7 4 1 if visual reference lost while circling to land from an instrument approach missed approach specified that particular procedure must be followed the pilot will make an initial climbing turn toward landing runway overhead aerodrome at this point pilot will establish aircraft climbing on missed approach track 7 4 2 the circling manoeuvre may be carried out in more than one direction for this reason different patterns are required to establish aircraft on prescribed missed approach course depending on its position at time visual reference lost . Question 6-38
Ssr transponderwhen transponder appears to be unserviceable prior to departure and restore impossible than Departure to nearest suitable airport where repair can be effected allowed. If a transponder fails before departure you need atc permission to go to a repair base if you can't fix it atc must be informed preferably before fligh plan submitted in flight plan insert letter n at item 10 comply with any published procedures seeking exception from carrying a functioning ssr transponder if so required fly directly to nearest suitable aerodrome repairs. Question 6-39
Ssr transponderwhich code shall be used on mode 'a' to provide recognition of an aircraft subjected to unlawful interference Departure to nearest suitable airport where repair can be effected allowed. Distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600. Question 6-40
Ssr transponderwhich code shall be used on mode 'a' to provide recognition of an emergency aircraft Departure to nearest suitable airport where repair can be effected allowed. Distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600.
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