PART FCL An administrative act taken within the period of validity of a rating or certificate for the purpose of continuing the privileges of the ?
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PART FCL The demonstration of skill for a licence or rating issue including such oral examination as may be required is ?
PART FCL The demonstration of skill to revalidate or renew ratings and including such oral examination as may be required is ?
Part fcl the flight time during which a student pilot the sole occupant of an aircraft Ecqb04 october 2017 part fcl 010 definitions. 
Part fcl a pilot who holds a licence which prohibits piloting of aircraft in operations which remuneration given with exclusion of some instruction or examination activities Ecqb04 october 2017 part fcl 010 definitions. 
Part fcl a 'multi pilot aircraft' An aeroplanes certificated operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots. Ecqb04 october 2017 part fcl 010 definitions. 
Part fcl the definition of a cross country flight A flight between a point of departure a point of arrival following a preplanned route using standard navigation procedures. Regulation (eu) no 1178/2011 aircrew regulation fcl 010 definitions 'cross country' means a flight between a point of departure a point of arrival following a pre planned route using standard navigation procedures. Question 4-8
Icao annex 1 definitionan authorization entered on or associated with a licence and forming part thereof stating special conditions privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence' this definition belongs to A flight between a point of departure a point of arrival following a preplanned route using standard navigation procedures. Regulation (eu) no 1178/2011 aircrew regulation fcl 010 definitions 'cross country' means a flight between a point of departure a point of arrival following a pre planned route using standard navigation procedures. Question 4-9
A signalman will ask pilot to apply parking brakes the following signals Raise arm hand with fingers extended horizontally in front of body then clench fist. Regulation (eu) no 1178/2011 aircrew regulation fcl 010 definitions 'cross country' means a flight between a point of departure a point of arrival following a pre planned route using standard navigation procedures. Question 4-10
Aircraft 'a' with an atc clearance flying in vmc conditions within a control area aircraft 'b' with no atc clearance approaching at approximately same altitude and on a converging course which has right of way Aircraft 'b' if 'a' on its left. When two aircraft are converging on approximately same heading aircraft which has other on its right must give way . Question 4-11
Which fl can be used to perform a ifr flight on a magnetic track of 070° in non rvsm airspace Aircraft 'b' if 'a' on its left. jeppesen europe high altitude enroute charts or annex 2 rules of air . Question 4-12
Upon intercepting assigned radial controller advises you that you are on airway and to 'resume own navigation' this phrase means that You are to assume responsibility your own navigation. jeppesen europe high altitude enroute charts or annex 2 rules of air . Question 4-13
An aircraft shall display if so equipped an anti collision light To attract attention to aircraft. Annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-14
Anti collision lights aircraft equipped with red anticollision lights may display them On ground when engines are running. Icao annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-15
The final authority as to disposition of aircraft has On ground when engines are running. Icao annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-16
Avoidance of collisions an aircraft taxiing on manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to Aircraft taking off or about to take off. Icao annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-17
Avoidance of collisions the highest priority landing has An aircraft that compelled to land (emergency landing). Icao annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-18
Deviation from flight plan pilots of controlled flights are requested to inform appropriate ats whenever average tas at cruising level between reporting points varies or expected to vary from tas given in flight plan An aircraft that compelled to land (emergency landing). Icao annex 2 rules of air 3 2 3 lights to be displayed aircraft 3 2 3 1 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display a) anti collision lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and b) navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights 3 2 3 2 except as provided 3 2 3 5 from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed the appropriate authority a) all aircraft moving on movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate relative path of aircraft to an observer other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken these lights b) unless stationary otherwise adequately illuminated all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate extremities of their structure c) all aircraft operating on movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to aircraft and d) all aircraft on movement area of an aerodrome whose engines are running shall display lights which indicate that fact. Question 4-19
Except when a clearance obtained from an atc unit a vfr flight cannot enter or leave a control zone when ceiling less than 5 ft or visibility less than 5 km. icao annex 2 rules of air chaper 4 visual flight rules 4 2 except when a clearance obtained from an air traffic control unit vfr flights shall not take off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone or enter aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern a) when ceiling less than 450 m (1500 ft) or b) when ground visibility less than 5 km. Question 4-20
Flight plan inadvertent track changes in event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its track given in current flight plan action should be taken in order to Adjust heading of aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable. icao annex 2 rules of air chaper 4 visual flight rules 4 2 except when a clearance obtained from an air traffic control unit vfr flights shall not take off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone or enter aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern a) when ceiling less than 450 m (1500 ft) or b) when ground visibility less than 5 km. Question 4-21
Flight plan for flights in accordance with ifr within advisory airspace a flight plan Shall be submitted changes to flight plan have to be reported. doc 4444 9 1 4 2 2 aircraft not using the air traffic advisory service 9 1 4 2 2 1 aircraft wishing to conduct ifr flights within advisory airspace but not electing to use air traffic advisory service shall nevertheless submit a flight plan notify changes made thereto to unit providing that service. Question 4-22
Icao annex 2 definitions who charged with safe conduct of a flight The pilot in command. pilot in command means pilot designated the operator or in case of general aviation owner as being in command charged with safe conduct of a flight. Question 4-23
If no icao identifier has been attributed to an alternate airport box 16 of a flight plan form Write zzzz in box 6 indicate in box 8 (additional information) altn/followed the name of airport. When you have to fill a flight plan you have to indicate your departure airport your destination your alternate airport example depature madrid barajas airport icao identifier lemd destination london heathrow airport icao identifier egll alternate brussels south charleroi icao identifier ebci doc4444 specified following rule if no location indicator has been assigned to alternate aerodrome insert zzzz specify in item 18 name of aerodrome preceded altn/. Question 4-24
If radio communication established during an interception but communications in a common language not possible which phrase should be pronounced the intercepting aircraft to request intercepted aircraft to descend landing Write zzzz in box 6 indicate in box 8 (additional information) altn/followed the name of airport. You will find answer with icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 'interception of civil aircraft' 3 radiocommunication during interception if radio contact established during interception but communication in a common language not possible attempts shall be made to convey instructions acknowledgement of instructions essential information using phrases pronunciations in table below transmitting each phrase twice . Question 4-25
If radio contact with intercepting aircraft established but communication on a common language not possible which phrase should be pronounced the intercepted aircraft to communicate that he unable to comply with instructions received Write zzzz in box 6 indicate in box 8 (additional information) altn/followed the name of airport. icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 'interception of civil aircraft' 3 radiocommunication during interception if radio contact established during interception but communication in a common language not possible attempts shall be made to convey instructions acknowledgement of instructions essential information using phrases pronunciations in table below transmitting each phrase twice . Question 4-26
In event of a delay of a controlled flight submitted flight plan should be amended or cancelled and a new flight plan submitted when delay in excess of 3 minutes of estimated time off blocks. icao pans atm doc 4444 4 4 2 submission of a flight plan 4 4 2 1 prior to departure 4 4 2 1 3 in event of a delay of 30 minutes in excess of estimated off block time a controlled flight or a delay of one hour an uncontrolled flight which a flight plan has been submitted flight plan should be amended or a new flight plan submitted the old flight plan canceled whichever applicable. Question 4-27
In event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its current flight plan appropriate ats unit has to be informed The tas varies plus or minus 5% of tas notified in flight plan. sera 8020 adherence to flight plan b) inadvertent changes in event that a controlled flight inadvertently deviates from its current flight plan following action shall be taken (1) deviation from track if aircraft off track action shall be taken forthwith to adjust heading of aircraft to regain track as soon as practicable (2) variation in true airspeed if average true airspeed at cruising level between reporting points varies or expected to vary plus or minus 5 per cent of true airspeed from that given in flight plan appropriate air traffic services unit shall be so informed (3) change in time estimate if time estimate the next applicable reporting point flight information region boundary or destination aerodrome whichever comes first found to be in error in excess of 2 minutes from that notified to air traffic services or such other period of time as prescribed the competent authority or on basis of icao regional air navigation agreements a revised estimated time shall be notified as soon as possible to appropriate air traffic services unit (4) additionally when an ads c agreement in place air traffic services unit shall be informed automatically via data link whenever changes occur beyond threshold values stipulated the ads c event contract. Question 4-28
Interceptionan aircraft equipped with ssr transponder which intercepted another aircraft shall immediately unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic service unit select mode a The tas varies plus or minus 5% of tas notified in flight plan. Icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 interception of civil aircraft (note see chapter 3 3 8 of annex) 2 action intercepted aircraft 2 1 an aircraft which intercepted another aircraft shall immediately a) follow instructions given the intercepting aircraft interpreting responding to visual signals in accordance with specifications in appendix 1 b) notify if possible appropriate air traffic services unit c) attempt to establish radiocommunication with intercepting aircraft or with appropriate intercept control unit making a general call on emergency frequency 121 5 mhz giving identity of intercepted aircraft the nature of flight if no contact has been established if practicable repeating this call on emergency frequency 243 mhz d) if equipped with ssr transponder select mode a code 7700 unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit e) if equipped with ads b or ads c select appropriate emergency functionality if available unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit for information distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600. Question 4-29
Interception day or night which manoeuvre will be executed an intercepting aircraft if pilot of this aircraft wants to communicate to intercepted aircraft 'you may procee An abrupt break away manoeuvre from intercepted aircraft consisting of a climbing turn of 9 degrees or more without crossing line of flight of intercepted aircraft. Icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 interception of civil aircraft (note see chapter 3 3 8 of annex) 2 action intercepted aircraft 2 1 an aircraft which intercepted another aircraft shall immediately a) follow instructions given the intercepting aircraft interpreting responding to visual signals in accordance with specifications in appendix 1 b) notify if possible appropriate air traffic services unit c) attempt to establish radiocommunication with intercepting aircraft or with appropriate intercept control unit making a general call on emergency frequency 121 5 mhz giving identity of intercepted aircraft the nature of flight if no contact has been established if practicable repeating this call on emergency frequency 243 mhz d) if equipped with ssr transponder select mode a code 7700 unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit e) if equipped with ads b or ads c select appropriate emergency functionality if available unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit for information distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600. Question 4-30
Interception if any instructions received radio from any sources conflict with those given the intercepting aircraft visual signals intercepted aircraft shall Follow instructions of intercepting aircraft request immediate clarification. Icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 interception of civil aircraft (note see chapter 3 3 8 of annex) 2 action intercepted aircraft 2 1 an aircraft which intercepted another aircraft shall immediately a) follow instructions given the intercepting aircraft interpreting responding to visual signals in accordance with specifications in appendix 1 b) notify if possible appropriate air traffic services unit c) attempt to establish radiocommunication with intercepting aircraft or with appropriate intercept control unit making a general call on emergency frequency 121 5 mhz giving identity of intercepted aircraft the nature of flight if no contact has been established if practicable repeating this call on emergency frequency 243 mhz d) if equipped with ssr transponder select mode a code 7700 unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit e) if equipped with ads b or ads c select appropriate emergency functionality if available unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit for information distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600. Question 4-31
Raise hand just above shoulder height with open palm ensuring eye contact with flight crew close hand into a fist this signal from a signalman means Follow instructions of intercepting aircraft request immediate clarification. Icao annex 2 rules of air appendix 2 interception of civil aircraft (note see chapter 3 3 8 of annex) 2 action intercepted aircraft 2 1 an aircraft which intercepted another aircraft shall immediately a) follow instructions given the intercepting aircraft interpreting responding to visual signals in accordance with specifications in appendix 1 b) notify if possible appropriate air traffic services unit c) attempt to establish radiocommunication with intercepting aircraft or with appropriate intercept control unit making a general call on emergency frequency 121 5 mhz giving identity of intercepted aircraft the nature of flight if no contact has been established if practicable repeating this call on emergency frequency 243 mhz d) if equipped with ssr transponder select mode a code 7700 unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit e) if equipped with ads b or ads c select appropriate emergency functionality if available unless otherwise instructed the appropriate air traffic services unit for information distress/general emergency 7700 unlawful interference/hijacking 7500 communication failure 7600. Question 4-32
Special vfr flights may authorized to operate locally within a control zone when ground visibility not less than 1 500 metres even when aircraft not equipped with a functioning radio receiver within class Follow instructions of intercepting aircraft request immediate clarification. Special vfr flight a vfr flight cleared air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below vmc annex 11 air traffic services (official table) as a standard vfr flight in class e airspace a radio receiver not required. Question 4-33
The planned cruising speed the first leg or all of cruising portion of flight must be entered in speed box of a flight plan form this speed the True air speed (tas). Special vfr flight a vfr flight cleared air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below vmc annex 11 air traffic services (official table) as a standard vfr flight in class e airspace a radio receiver not required. Question 4-34
The vmc minima a vfr flight inside an ats airspace classified as b 8 km visibility when at or above 3 5 m ( ft) amsl 5 m horizontal 3 m vertical from clouds. sera 5001 vmc visibility distance from cloud minima * when height of transition altitude lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) amsl fl 100 shall be used in lieu of 10000 ft ** when so prescribed the appropriate ats authority a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1 500 m may be permitted flights operating (1) at speeds of 140 kts ias or less to give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision or (2) in circumstances in which probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low e g in areas of low volume traffic for aerial work at low levels (b) helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m but not less than 800 m flight visibility if manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision flight visibilities lower than 800 m may be permitted special cases such as medical flights search rescue operations fire fighting *** the vmc minima in class a airspace are included guidance to pilots do not imply acceptance of vfr flights in class a airspace. Question 4-35
Visual signals in flight in aerodrome pattern pilot of an aircraft observes a series of red flashes the meaning of this signal Aerodrome unsafe do not land. sera 5001 vmc visibility distance from cloud minima * when height of transition altitude lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) amsl fl 100 shall be used in lieu of 10000 ft ** when so prescribed the appropriate ats authority a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1 500 m may be permitted flights operating (1) at speeds of 140 kts ias or less to give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision or (2) in circumstances in which probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low e g in areas of low volume traffic for aerial work at low levels (b) helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m but not less than 800 m flight visibility if manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision flight visibilities lower than 800 m may be permitted special cases such as medical flights search rescue operations fire fighting *** the vmc minima in class a airspace are included guidance to pilots do not imply acceptance of vfr flights in class a airspace. Question 4-36
Visual flight rules an aircraft operating in accordance with vfr above sea at altitudes between 4500 ft and 9000 ft amsl outside controlled airspace shall maintain at least A distance from cloud of 5 m horizontally ft vertically a flight visibility of 5 km. sera 5001 vmc visibility distance from cloud minima * when height of transition altitude lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) amsl fl 100 shall be used in lieu of 10000 ft ** si autorité compétente prescrit a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1 500 m may be permitted flights operating (1) at speeds of 140 kts ias or less to give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision or (2) in circumstances in which probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low e g in areas of low volume traffic for aerial work at low levels (b) helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m but not less than 800 m flight visibility if manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision flight visibilities lower than 800 m may be permitted special cases such as medical flights search rescue operations fire fighting *** the vmc minima in class a airspace are included guidance to pilots do not imply acceptance of vfr flights in class a airspace. Question 4-37
Visual flight rules except when a clearance obtained from an atc unit vfr flights shall not take off or land at an aerodrome within a ctr of airspace class c or d or enter aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern when Ceiling less than 5 ft or ground visibility less than 5 km. icao annex 2 rules of air chaper 4 visual flight rules 4 2 except when a clearance obtained from an air traffic control unit vfr flights shall not take off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone or enter aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern a) when ceiling less than 450 m (1500 ft) or b) when ground visibility less than 5 km. Question 4-38
Visual signals in flight pilot of an aircraft observes a series of projectiles discharged from ground at intervals of 10 seconds each showing on bursting red and green lights or stars the meaning of this signal The unauthorised aircraft flying in or about to enter a restricted prohibited or danger area the aircraft to take such remedial action as may be necessary. icao annex 2 rules of air 3 visual signals used to warn an unauthorized aircraft flying in or about to enter a restricted prohibited or danger area by day by night a series of projectiles discharged from ground at intervals of 10 seconds each showing on bursting red green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that it flying in or about to enter a restricted prohibited or danger area that aircraft to take such remedial action as may be necessary. Question 4-39
When two aircraft are approaching head on or approximately so and there a danger of collision each shall Alter its heading to right. icao annex 2 rules of air 3 visual signals used to warn an unauthorized aircraft flying in or about to enter a restricted prohibited or danger area by day by night a series of projectiles discharged from ground at intervals of 10 seconds each showing on bursting red green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that it flying in or about to enter a restricted prohibited or danger area that aircraft to take such remedial action as may be necessary. Question 4-40
Whenever unlawful interference with an aircraft suspected and where automatic distinct display of ssr mode a code 7500 and code 7700 not provided radar controller shall attempt to verify this suspicion Setting ssr decoder to mode a code 75 thereafter to code 77. doc 4444 15 1 3 unlawful interference aircraft bomb threat 15 1 3 2 whenever unlawful interference with an aircraft suspected where automatic distinct display of ssr mode a code 7500 code 7700 not provided controller shall attempt to verify any suspicion setting ssr decoder to mode a code 7500 thereafter to code 7700 note an aircraft equipped with an ssr transponder expected to operate transponder on mode a code 7500 to indicate specifically that it the subject of unlawful interference the aircraft may operate transponder on mode a code 7700 to indicate that it threatened grave imminent danger requires immediate assistance an aircraft equipped with other surveillance system transmitters including ads b ads c might send emergency and/or urgency signal all of available means.
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